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symbiosis of Marshes and Permafrost in Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains in Northeastern China

Chinese Geographical Science 2008年第1期18卷 62-69页

作者： JIN Huijun SUN Guangyou YU Shaopeng JIN Rui HE Ruixia State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130012 China Department of Geography Harbin College Harbin 150086 China

Recently, the degradation of permafrost and marsh environments in the Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains has become a great concern as more human activities and pronounced climate warming were observed during the past 30 years and projected for the near future. The distr/bution patterns and development mechanisms of the permafrost and marshes have been examined both in theories and in field observations, in order to better understand the symbiosis of permafrost and marshes. The permafrost and marshes in the Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains display discernible zonations in latitude and elevation. The marsh vegetation canopy, litter and peat soil have good thermal insulation properties for the underlying permafrost, resulting in a thermal offset of 3 ℃ to 4℃ and subsequently suppressing soil temperature. In addition, the much higher thermal conductivity of frozen and ice-rich peat in the active layer is conducive to the development or in favor of the protection of permafrost due to the semi-conductor properties of the soils overlying the permafrost. On the other hand, because permafrost is almost impervious, the osmosis of water in marsh soils can be effectively reduced, timely providing water supplies for helophytes growth or germination in spring. In the Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains, the permafrost degradation has been accelerating due to the marked climate warming, ever increasing human activities, and the resultant eco-environmental changes. Since the permafrost and marsh environments are symbiotic and interdependent, they need to be managed or protected in a well-coordinated and integrated way.

关键词： marsh permafrost symbiosis thermal offset active layer Da and Xiao Hinggan Mountains

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The jasmonate pathway promotes nodule symbiosis and suppresses host plant defense in Medicago truncatula

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Molecular Plant 2024年第8期17卷 1183-1203页

作者： Da Guo Jingrui Li Peng Liu Yuzhan Wang Na Cao Xiangling Fang Tao Wang Jiangli Dong College of Biological Sciences China Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBejing 100193China State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and TechnologyLanzhou UniversityLanzhou730020China

Root nodule symbiosis(RNs)between legumes and rhizobia is a major source of nitrogen in agricultural *** symbiosis requires precise regulation of plant defense *** role of the defense hormone jasmonic acid(JA)in the immune response has been extensively *** research shows that JA can play either a positive or negative regulatory role in RNS depending on its concentration,but the molecular mechanisms remain to be *** this study,we found that inoculation with the rhizobia Sm1021 induces the JA pathway in Medicago truncatula,and blocking the JA pathway significantly reduces the number of infection *** in the MtMYc2 gene,which encodes a JA signaling master transcription factor,significantly inhibited rhizobia infection,terminal differentiation,and symbiotic cell *** RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing,we discovered that MtMYc2 regulates the expression of nodule-specific MtDNF2,MtNAD1,and MtSymCRK to suppress host defense,while it activates MtDNF1 expression to regulate the maturation of MtNCRs,which in turn promotes bacteroid *** importantly,MtMYC2 participates in symbiotic signal transduction by promoting the expression of ***,the MtMYC2-MtiPD3 transcriptional regulatory module is specifically present in legumes,and the Mtmyc2 mutants are susceptible to the infection by the pathogen Rhizoctonia ***,these findings reveal the molecular mechanisms of how the JA pathway regulates RNS,broadening our understanding of the roles of JA in plant-microbe interactions.

关键词： jasmonic acid MYC2 symbiosis defense Medicago truncatula

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GSK3-mediated stress signaling inhibits legume-rhizobium symbiosis by phosphorylating GmNSP1 in soybean

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Molecular Plant 2021年第3期14卷 488-502页

作者： Chunmei He Hui Gao Haijiao Wang Yun Guo Miao He Yaqi Peng Xuelu Wang National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement Center of Integrative BiologyCollege of Life Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan 430070China State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement School of Life SciencesHenan UniversityKaifeng 475001China

Legumes establish symbiotic associations with rhizobia for biological nitrogen *** process is highly regulated by various abiotic stresses,but the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms remain largely *** this study,we discovered that the glycogen synthase kinase 3(GSK3)-like kinase,GmSK2-8,plays an important role in inhibiting symbiotic signaling and nodule formation in soybean(Glycine max)under salt *** found that GmSK2-8 is strongly induced in soybean under high-salt conditions,while GmSK2-8 could interact with two *** Nodulation Signaling Pathway 1(GmNSP1)proteins,GmNSP1a and GmNSP1b;these key transcription factors are essential for rhizobial infection,nodule initiation,and symbiotic gene expression in ***,we demonstrated that GmSK2-8 phosphorylates the LHRI domain of GmNSP1a,inhibits its binding to the promoters of symbiotic genes,and thus suppresses nodule formation under salt *** of GmSK2-8 and its close homologs also resulted in reduced plant sensitivity to salt stress during nodule *** together,our findings indicate that GSK3-like kinases directly regulate the activities of GmNSP1s to mediate salt-inhibited legume–rhizobium symbiosis,providing novel targets for improving symbiotic nitrogen fixation under environmental stress conditions in soybean and possibly other legumes.

关键词： nodule formation rhizobial infection salt stress soybean symbiosis

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Signaling events during initiation of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2014年第3期56卷 250-261页

作者： Alexa M.Schmitz Maria J.Harrison Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Cornell University

Under nutrient-limiting conditions, plants will enter into symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungi for the enhancement of mineral nutrient acquisition from the surrounding soil. AM fungi live in close, intracellular association with plant roots where they transfer phosphate and nitrogen to the plant in exchange for carbon. They are obligate fungi, relying on their host as their only carbon source. Much has been discovered in the last decade concerning the signaling events during initiation of the AM symbiosis, including the identification of signaling molecules generated by both partners. This signaling occurs through symbiosis-specific gene products in the host plant, which are indispensable for normal AM development. At the same time, plants have adapted complex mechanisms for avoiding infection by pathogenic fungi, including an innate immune response to general microbial molecules, such as chitin present in fungal cell walls. How it is that AM fungal colonization is maintained without eliciting a defensive response from the host is still uncertain. In this review, we present a summary of the molecular signals and their elicited responses during initiation of the AM symbiosis, including plant immune responses and their suppression.

关键词： Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi chitin chitooligosaccharide cutin LysM MAMP-triggered immunity Myc-LCO Nod factor strigolactones symbiosis

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Combining Metabolomics and Gene Expression Analysis Reveals that Propionyl- and Butyryl- Carnitines Are Involved in Late Stages of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal symbiosis

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Molecular Plant 2014年第3期7卷 554-566页

作者： Jerome Laparre Universite de Toulouse UPS UMR 5546 Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Vegetales BP 42617 F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan France CNRS UMR 5546 BP 42617 F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan France Universite de Toulouse INSA UPS INP LISBP Toulouse France INRA UMR792 Ingenierie des Systemes Biologiques et des Procedes Toulouse France CNRS INRA Toulouse France CNRS UMR5504 Toulouse France

The arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） symbiosis is a widespread mutualistic association between soil fungi （Glomeromycota） and the roots of most plant species. AM fungi are obligate biotrophs whose development is partially under the control of their plant host. We explored the possibility to combine metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches to find putative mycorrhiza-associated metabolites regulating AM fungal development. Methanol extracts of Medicago truncatula roots colonized or not with the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis were analyzed and compared by ultra- high-performance liquid chromatography （UHPLC）, high-resolution mass spectrometry （Q-TOF）, and multivariate statisti- cal discrimination. We detected 71 mycorrhiza-associated analytes exclusively present or at least 10-fold more abundant in mycorrhizal roots. To identify among these analytes those that could regulate AM fungal development, we fraction- ated by preparative and semi-preparative HPLC the mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal root extracts and established how the 71 analytes were distributed among the fractions. Then we tested the activity of the fractions on germinating spores of R. irregularis by quantifying the expression of 96 genes known for their diverse in planta expression patterns. These investigations reveal that propionyl- and butyryl-carnitines accumulated in mycorrhizal roots. The results suggest that these two molecules regulate fungal gene expression in planta and represent interesting candidates for further biologi- cal characterization.

关键词： metabolomics AM fungi symbiosis plant metabolites carnitines transcriptomic screening.

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Characterization and Expression Analysis of Medicago truncatula ROP GTPase Family during the Early Stage of symbiosis

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2010年第7期52卷 639-652页

作者： Wei Liu Ai-Min Chen Li Luo Jie Sun Lian-Pu Cao Guan-Qiao Yu Jia-Bi Zhu Yan-Zhang Wang National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences the Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China The Key Oasis Eco-agriculture Laboratory of Xinjiang Production and Construction Group Shihezi University Shihezi 832003 China

ROPs （Rho-related GTPases of plants） are small GTPases that are plant-specific signaling proteins. They act as molecular switches in a variety of developmental processes. In this study, seven cDNA clones coding for ROP GTPases have been isolated in Medicago truncatula, and conserved and divergent domains are identified in these predicted MtROP proteins. Phylogenetic analysis has indicated that MtROPs are distributed into groups II, III, IV but group I. MtROP genes are expressed in various tissues at different levels. A quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis indicated that these MtROP genes have different expression profiles in the roots in response to infection with rhizobia. The expression of MtROP3, MtROP5 and MtROP6 are increased, as the expression of Nod factor or rhizobial-induced marker genes--NFP, Rip1 and Enod11; MtROPIO has showed enhanced expression at a certain post-inoculation time point. No significant changes in MtROP7 and MtROP9 expression have been detected and MtROP8 expression is dramatically decreased by about 80%-90%. Additionally, ROP promoter-GUS analysis has showed that MtROP3, MtROP5 and MtROP6 have elevated expression in transgenic root hairs after rhizobial inoculation. These results might suggest a role for some ROP GTPases in the regulation of early stages during rhizobial infection in symbiosis.

关键词： MEDICAGO GUANOSINE triphosphatase PROTEINS ROOT hairs (Botany) symbiosis

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Mycorrhizal symbiosis modulates the rhizosphere microbiota to promote rhizobia–legume symbiosis

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Molecular Plant 2021年第3期14卷 503-516页

作者： Xiaolin Wang Huan Feng Yayu Wang Mingxing Wang Xingguang Xie Huizhong Chang Like Wang Jicheng Qu Kai Sun Wei He Chunyan Wang Chuanchao Dai Zhaohui Chu Changfu Tian Nan Yu Xuebin Zhang Huan Liu Ertao Wang National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghai 200234China College of Forestry Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics BGI-ShenzhenShenzhen 518083China Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial ResourcesCollege of Life SciencesNanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210023China State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology College of AgronomyShandong Agricultural UniversityTaianChina Shanghai Hanyubio Co. LtdShanghai 201201China State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China Center for Multi-Omics Research Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress BiologyHenan ProvinceKaifeng 475001China institute of Plant Stress Biology State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyDepartment of BiologyHenan UniversityKaifeng 475001China

Plants establish symbioses with mutualistic fungi,such as arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi,and bacteria,such as rhizobia,to exchange key nutrients and *** and symbionts have coevolved and represent vital components of terrestrial *** employ an ancestral AM signaling pathway to establish intracellular symbioses,including the legume–rhizobia symbiosis,in their ***,the relationship between the AM and rhizobial symbioses in native soil is poorly ***,we examined how these distinct symbioses affect root-associated bacterial communities in Medicago truncatula by performing quantitative microbiota profiling(QMP)of 16S rRNA *** found that *** mutants that cannot establish AM or rhizobia symbiosis have an altered microbial load(quantitative abundance)in the rhizosphere and roots,and in particular that AM symbiosis is required to assemble a normal quantitative root-associated microbiota in native ***,quantitative microbial co-abundance network analyses revealed that AM symbiosis affects Rhizobiales hubs among plant microbiota and benefits the plant *** QMP of rhizobial rpoB and AM fungal SSU rRNA genes,we revealed a new layer of interaction whereby AM symbiosis promotes rhizobia accumulation in the rhizosphere of *** further showed that AM symbiosis-conditioned microbial communities within the *** rhizosphere could promote nodulation in different legume plants in native *** that the AM and rhizobial symbioses are critical for crop growth,our findings might inform strategies to improve agricultural ***,our work sheds light on the co-evolution of these intracellular symbioses during plant adaptation to native soil conditions.

关键词： arbuscular mycorrhizae rhizobia symbiosis rhizosphere microbiota quantitative microbiota profiling rpoB

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Medicago AP2-Domain Transcription Factor WRI5a Is a Master Regulator of Lipid Biosynthesis and Transfer during Mycorrhizal symbiosis

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Molecular Plant 2018年第11期11卷 1344-1359页

作者： Yina Jiang Qiujin Xie Wanxiao Wang Jun Yang Xiaowei Zhang Nan Yu Yun Zhou Ertao Wang National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesInstitute of Plant Physiology and EcologyShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China School of Life Sciences East China Normal UniversityShanghai 200241China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039China College of Life and Environment Sciences Shanghai Normal UniversityShanghai 200234China Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology Henan ProvinceInstitute of Plant Stress BiologyState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyDepartment of BiologyHenan UniversityKaifeng 475001China

Most land plants have evolved a mutualistic symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM)fungi that improve nutrient acquisition from the *** return,up to 20% of host plant photosynthate is transferred to the mycorrhizal fungus in the form of lipids and *** exchange must be regulated by both partners in order to maintain a reliable symbiotic ***,the mechanisms underlying the regulation of lipid transfer from the plantto the AM fungus remain ***,we show that the Medicago truncatula AP2/EREBP transcription factor WRI5a,and likely its two homologs WRI5b/Erfl and WRI5c,are master regulators of AM symbiosis Controlling lipid transfer and periarbuscular membrane *** found that WRI5a binds AW-box cis-regulatory elements in the promoters of *** STR,which encodes a periarbuscular membrane-localized ABC transporter required for lipid transfer from the plant to the AM fungus, and MtPT4,whichr encodes a phosphate transporter required for phosphate transfer from the AM fungus to the *** hairy roots of the *** wti5a mutant and RNAi composite plants displayed impaired arbuscule formation,whereas overexpression of WRI5a resulted in enhanced expression of STR and MtPT4,suggesting that WRI5a regulates bidirectional symbiotic nutrient ***,we found that WRI5a and RAM1(Required for Arbuscular Mycorrhization symbiosis 1),which encodes a GRASdomain transcription factor,regulate each other at the transcriptional level,forming a positive feedback loop for regulatingAM ***,our data suggest a role for WRI5a in controlling bidirectional nutrient exchange and periarbuscular membrane formation via the regulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and phosphate uptake in arbuscule-containing cells.

关键词： mycorrhizal symbiosis lipid transfer transcription factor AW box

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Old dog,new trick:The PHR-SPX system regulates arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

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Molecular Plant 2022年第2期15卷 225-227页

作者： Debatosh Das Caroline Gutjahr CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute No.10 Yuexing 2nd RoadNanshanShenzhenChina Plant Genetics TUM School of Life SciencesTechnical University of Munich(TUM)Emil Ramann Strasse 485354 FreisingGermany

Plant growth depends on the continuous availability of the macro-nutrient phosphate(Pi).However,in most soils,Pi is only poorly accessible to plants,resulting in Pi deficiency and triggering a number of Pi starvation *** strategy of plants to over-come Pi limitation is to form a symbiosis with arbuscular mycor-rhizal(AM)fungi(Smith et al.,2011),which occurs with approximately 80%of land *** fungi improve the uptake of Pi and other mineral nutrients and thereby increase plant performance and stress *** collect these minerals with an extraradical hyphal network from the soil and release them from highly branched structures,called arbuscules,into root cortex ***,Pi sufficiency causes inhibition of internal root colonization(Balzergue et al.,2011;Breuillin et al.,2010).The mechanistic basis for this has long remained *** studies have now solved this long-standing mystery and demonstrated that a canonical Pi-response regulatory module regulates AM symbiosis in accordance with the plant Pi status(Shi et al.,2021;Das et al.,2022).

关键词： thereby symbiosis release

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RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF symbiosis TO Anabaena-FREE Azolla

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Science China Chemistry 1989年第5期32卷 551-559页

作者：林沧刘中柱郑德英唐龙飞渡边岩 Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences Fuzhou International Rice Research Institute Manila Philippines

symbiosis to Anabaena-free Azolla has been re-established by placing indusium containing Anabaena onto the Anabaena-free megasporocarps. Anabaena-free megasporocarps were obtained by removing the indusium and the apical membrane of the megaspore apparatus of normal Azolla. The recovery of symbiosis in artificially reconstituted Azolla-Anabaena association was confirmed using the scanning electron microscope, monoclonal antibody test (McAb-C_(16)), and nitrogen fixation capacity (ARA).Laboratory-grown Anabaena azollae cells inoculated subsequently to the decapitated megaspore apparatus were observed to have entered the leaf cavities of sporophyte, although some portions of Anabaena filaments were found outside the leaf cavity. Plants invaded by artificially inoculated Anabaena did not have sufficient N_2-fixing activity to allow the growth in the N-free medium.

关键词： re-establishment of symbiosis incomplete symbiosis Anabaena-free Azolla Azolla.

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