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swimming pool heating technology:A state-of-the-art review

Building Simulation 2021年第3期14卷 421-440页

作者： Yantong Li Natasa Word Gongsheng Huang Xin Li Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering City University of Hong KongTat Chee AvenueKowloonHong KongChina Department of Energy and Process Engineering Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway

A large amount of heat is needed to maintain the thermal comfort of both indoor and outdoor swimming pools in cold *** motivates the development of various heating technologies aiming to reduce energy use,as well as operating and investment *** their development can be traced back to the 1960s,a comprehensive review of these technologies is ***,this paper presents a comprehensive review of the development of heating technologies for swimming *** review firstly introduces available heat transfer models that can be used to calculate or predict heat loss and heat gain for swimming ***,different passive and active technologies are *** active heating technologies used for indoor swimming pools include solar collector,heat pump,waste heat recovery,geothermal energy,and congregation *** active heating technologies used for outdoor swimming pools include solar collector,heat pump,PCM storage,geothermal energy,biomass heater,and waste heat recovery technologies.A discussion is presented on the practical and possible heating techniques for swimming pool ***,through the reviewed literature,future research opportunities are identified,to guide researchers to investigate swimming pool heating systems with suitable and relevant technologies.

关键词： swimming pool heating supply solar energy heat pump phase change material

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Assessing microbial and chemical exposure risks of Giardia in indoor swimming pool water disinfected by chlorine

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2022年第7期34卷 276-284页

作者： Chenyue Yin Bingjun Liu Kyu Hur Shengkun Dong Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Water Security Regulation and Control for Southern China Guangzhou 510275China Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering School of Civil EngineeringSun Yat-Sen UniversityZhuhai 519000China 3-10 Shinohara Nishicho Kohoku WardYokohamaKanagawa 222-0025Japan

swimming pools adopt chlorination to ensure microbial safety. Giardia has attracted attention in swimming pool water because of its occurrence, pathogenicity, and chlorine resistance. To control Giardia concentrations in pool water and reduce the microbial risk, higher chlorine doses are required during disinfection. Unfortunately, this process produces carcinogenic disinfection byproducts that increase the risk of chemical exposure. Therefore, quantitatively evaluating the comparative microbial vs. chemical exposure risks that stem from chlorination inactivation of Giardia in swimming pool water is an issue that demands attention. We simulated an indoor swimming pool disinfection scenario that followed common real-world disinfection practices. A quantitative microbial risk assessment coupled with a chemical exposure risk assessment was employed to compare the Giardia microbial exposure risk(MER) and the trihalomethane chemical exposure risk(CER) to humans. The results demonstrated a 22% decrease in MER-and CER-induced health exposure risk, from 8.45E-5 at 8:00 to 6.60E-5 at 19:00. Both the MER and CER decreased gradually, dropping to 3.26E-5 and 3.35E-5 at 19:00, respectively. However, the CER exceeded the MER after 18:30 and became the dominant factor affecting the total exposure risk. Past the 18 hr mark, the contribution of trihalomethane CER far exceeded the risk aversion from microbial inactivation, leading to a net increase in total exposure risk despite the declining MER. Swimmers may consider swimming after 19:00, when the total exposure risk is the lowest. Lowering water temperature and/or p H were identified as the most sensitive factors to minimize the overall health exposure risk.

关键词： Microbial risk Chemical risk Giardia swimming pool Disinfection

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Haloacetic acids in swimming pool and spa water in the United States and China

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2014年第6期8卷 820-824页

作者： Xiaomao WANG Garcia Leal M I Xiaolu ZHANG Hongwei YANG Yuefeng XIE School of Environment State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Department of Chemical Engineering University of Cantabria Avenida de los Castros s/n 39005 Santander Cantabria Spain Environmental Engineering Program The Pennsylvania State University 777 West Harrisburg Pike Middletown PA 17057 USA

The objective of this study is to investigate the occurrence of haloacetic acids （HAAs）, a group of disinfection byproducts, in swimming pool and spa water. The samples were collected from six indoor pools, six outdoor pools and three spas in Pennsylvania, the United States, and from five outdoor pools and nine indoor pools in Beijing, China. Five HAAs （HAA5）, including monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid were analyzed. Total chlorine, pH and total organic carbon concentration were analyzed as well. Results indicated that the levels of HAA5 in swimming pools and spas in the United States ranged from 70 to 3980μg·L^-1, with an arithmetic average at 1440μg·L^-1 and a median level at 1150μg·L^-1. These levels are much higher than the levels reported in chlorinated drinking water and are likely due to organic matters released from swimmers＇ bodies. The levels of HAA5 in swimming pools in China ranged from 13 to 332μg·L^-1, with an arithmetic average at 117μg·L^-1 and a median level at 114μg·L^-1. The lower HAA levels in swimming pools in China were due to the lower chlorine residuals. Results from this study can help water professionals to better understand the formation and stability of HAAs in chlorinated water and assess risks associated with exposures to HAAs in swimming pools and spas.

关键词： chlorination disinfection byproduct haloacetic acid swimming pool trihalomethane

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Influence of swimming pool Design on Hydraulic Behavior: A Numerical and Experimental Study

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Engineering（科研） 2013年第5期5卷 511-524页

作者： Anaelle Cloteaux Fabien Gerardin Noel Midoux Department of Process Engineering National Institute of Research and Safety(INRS)VandoeuvreFrance Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering(LRGP) National Center of Scientific Research(CNRS)University of LorraineNancyFrance

A swimming pool can be considered as a chemical reactor with specific hydraulic and macro-mixing characteristics. The nature of flow into the pool depends on various characteristics, such as water inlets and outlets (number and position), pool geometry, and flow rate. This study investigates how swimming pool design affects hydraulic behavior based on experimental and computational fluid dynamics studies (CFD). This paper does not describe the hydraulic behavior of all existing swimming pools, however the cases studied here are representative of pool designs widely used in Europe and the United States. The model developed, based on the principle of a stirred reactor, could be used as a first approach in describing the hydraulic behavior of regular pools. This model is suitable for the study of physical and chemical phenomena with long characteristic times. Other, more advanced, models were shown to be more suitable to the case of fast chemical processes.

关键词： Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Hydraulic Model Residence Time Distribution (RTD) swimming pool Velocity Field Tracer

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导座式升降脚手架在施工中的应用

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施工技术 2006年第S2期35卷 209-210页

作者：张义勇贵州建工集团一公司贵州贵阳550001

Taking a swimming pool project as example,the author introduces the application of air source heat pump,And the comparison of economy between air source heat pump and oil burning boiler serving as thermal power is made.

关键词： energy saving air source heat pump oil burning boiler swimming pool

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