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Developmental environment contributes to rapid trait shifts among newly colonized subterranean habitats

Zoological Research 2023年第4期44卷 808-820页

作者： Nathan E.Swanson Andrew G.Gluesenkamp Alexandra E.Donny Suzanne E.McGaugh Department of Fisheries Wildlife and Conservation BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMN 55108USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California IrvineIrvineCA 92697-2525USA Center for Conservation and Research San Antonio ZooSan AntonioTexas 78212USA Ecology Evolutionand BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMN 55108USA Department of Biology Stanford UniversityStanfordCA 94305USA

Recent colonization of extreme environments provides unique opportunities to study the early steps of adaptation and the potential for rapid convergent evolution.However,phenotypic shifts during recent colonization may also be due to plasticity in response to changes in the rearing environment.Here,we analyzed a suite of morphological and behavioral traits in paired surface,subterranean,and facultatively subterranean Mexican tetras(Astyanax mexicanus)from recent introductions in two separate watersheds outside of their native range.We found a variety of phenotypic and behavioral shifts between subterranean and surface populations that are similar to those observed in relatively ancient populations in Mexico.Despite this rapid morphological divergence,we found that most of these trait differences were due to plasticity in response to rearing environments.While most trait assays in common-garden,lab-raised fish indicated that phenotypic shifts in wild fish were the result of plasticity,we also found evidence of genetic control in several traits present in subterranean populations.Interestingly,wall-following behavior,an important subterranean foraging behavior,was greater in lab-born subterranean fish than in lab-born surface fish,suggesting rapid divergence of this trait between subterranean and surface populations.Thus,this study sheds light on the early steps of subterranean evolution,identifies potential rapid behavioral evolution,and suggests that plasticity in traits involving exploratory behavior may facilitate subterranean colonization.

关键词： Plasticity Adaptation subterranean Cavefish Evolution Common garden

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subterranean-SAE 算法的条件立方攻击

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密码学报 2022年第1期9卷 45-59页

作者：刘勇陈思维张莎莎向泽军曾祥勇湖北大学数学与统计学学院应用数学湖北省重点实验室武汉430062

美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)于2018年开始征集轻量级认证加密和哈希算法标准,其中subterranean 2.0密码套件是晋级到第二轮的32个候选算法之一.subterranean-SAE是subterranean 2.0密码套件中的一种认证加密工作模式.2019年,刘富康... 详细信息

美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)于2018年开始征集轻量级认证加密和哈希算法标准,其中subterranean 2.0密码套件是晋级到第二轮的32个候选算法之一.subterranean-SAE是subterranean 2.0密码套件中的一种认证加密工作模式.2019年,刘富康等人对4轮空白轮(4 blank rounds)的subterranean-SAE算法进行了基于条件立方的密钥恢复攻击,此攻击有效的前提假设是:当条件变量满足条件时输出代数次数为64,否则为65.但刘富康等人并没有验证该假设是否成立.借助三子集可分性理论,本文首次提出了在初始状态未知场景下评估输出代数次数的新技术,并将该技术成功应用于4轮空白轮subterranean-SAE算法.实验结果表明,4轮空白轮subterranean-SAE算法32个输出比特的代数次数上界为63,因此刘富康等人的密钥恢复攻击实际为区分攻击.进一步,本文提出降低立方维数、扩展立方变量选取范围的策略,并成功改进了subterranean-SAE算法条件立方的搜索方法.利用此方法我们共搜索到24组33维立方并以此构造条件立方攻击,攻击的数据和时间复杂度分别为2^{41.8}和2^{124}.本文的条件立方攻击能够通过实验验证其有效性,并且能够正确恢复128比特密钥.在nonce不重用场景下,这是首次实现4轮缩减轮数subterranean-SAE算法的全密钥恢复攻击.值得注意的是,本文缩减轮数的攻击并不会对subterranean-SAE算法构成实质安全性威胁,但有助于加深对其安全性的理解.

关键词： subterranean 2.0密码套件 subterranean-SAE 条件立方攻击三子集可分性

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Evaluation of the virulence of entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria fumosorosea isolates against subterranean termites Coptotermes spp.(Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae)

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Journal of Forestry Research 2019年第1期30卷 213-218页

作者： J.J.Jessica T.L.Peng A.S.Sajap S.H.Lee S.A.Syazwan Department of Forest Management Faculty of ForestryUniversiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University Malaysia Kelantan Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) Mycology and Pathology Laboratory Forest Biodiversity Division Forest Research Institute Malaysia

The entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea Wize, formerly known as Paecilomyces fumosoroseus is reported as a promising biocontrol agent for controlling subterranean termites, particularly those belonging to the family Rhinotermitidae. In Malaysia, the family Rhinotermitidae includes two species of subterranean termites with extremely high economic importance; namely Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, and the Asian SLubterranean Termite (Coptotermes gestroi Wasmann). To comprehend the potential control of this soil-dwelling fungus against these subterranean termites in Malaysia, an investigation was carried out by testing the pathogenecity of 11 isolates against these termite species. All isolates showed pathogenic potential against the termite (Mortality rate of C. curvignathus:84.4%; C. gestroi:67.3%). IsolatePF49 was the most effective against both species of termites and was further tested for its virulence and mycosis.The LC_(50) values of PF49 against C. curvignathus and C.gestroi were 7.55×103 and 1.09×102 conidia/ml,respectively. The average number of days required to complete the mycosis process in C. curvignathus and C.gestroi were 4.7 and 8 days, respectively. These fungi are believed useful for protecting living trees, plants, wood,wood structures, and other cellulosic materials susceptible to termite infestation and damage.

关键词： Biological control Entomopathogenic fungus subterranean termites Lethal concentration

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RESEARCH ON THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF KARST MASSIF——Taking the Basin of the Houzhai subterranean Stream in Puding Country for Example

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Chinese Geographical Science 1998年第3期8卷 65-72页

作者：张兆干张建新杨剑民申屏

Ｉ．ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＵｐｔｏｔｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ，ｓｅｖｅｒａｌｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌａｎｄｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｓｏｌｖｅｄｉｎｋａｒｓｔｇｅｏｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏ... 详细信息

Ｉ．ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＵｐｔｏｔｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ，ｓｅｖｅｒａｌｔｈｅｏｒｅｔｉｃａｌａｎｄｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｓｏｌｖｅｄｉｎｋａｒｓｔｇｅｏｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｙ．Ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ａｌｏｎｇｗ...

关键词： karst massif spatial structure geomorphic evolution subterranean stream Puding

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Electrical Performance and Effect of Frequency Electromagnetic Waves on subterranean Termites <i>Coptotermes curvignathus</i>Holmgren

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Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications 2014年第1期6卷 1-7页

作者： Seno D. Panjaitan Farah Diba Ferry Hadary Tsuyoshi Yoshimura Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Tanjungpura University Pontianak Indonesia Department of Forestry Faculty of Forestry Tanjungpura University Pontianak Indonesia Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere Kyoto University Kyoto Japan

The research aimed to propose a non-destructive technology to control subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren infestation based on electromagnetic waves. A portable apparatus for this technology has been built and its experiment is presented in this paper. Some electrical parameters were measured and analyzed along with their effects to the termites. The experiment using frequency range between 30 Hz - 600 kHz has been done. The average error of the apparatus by comparing the result with the direct measurement using oscilloscope was also measured. The highest error value appeared at 600 kHz with frequency error 6.05 kHz. The highest error of voltage (i.e. 0.186 Volt) appeared at 100 kHz. For safetiness, the highest magnetic field at 300 kHz was 0.1815 μT and at 500 kHz was 0.00725 μT which were safe for human. The average value of termites mortality was higher on irradiation time 120 minutes than 60 minutes respectively in all test frequency: 300 kHz, 400 kHz, 500 kHz and 600 kHz. This paper presents an important information of the electromagnatic-based technology for environmental friendly termites control in spite of using the insecticides.

关键词： Electromagnetic Waves Frequency subterranean Termites Coptotermes curvignathus Termites Infestation

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A History of the Urban Underground Tunnel (4000 B.C.E. - 1900 C.E.)

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Journal of Transportation Technologies 2018年第1期8卷 11-43页

作者： Robert Steven Diamond Brian Garret Kassel Brooklyn Historic Railway Association Columbia University New York NY USA

Generally hidden from public view, out of our daily thoughts, and literally under our feet, are myriad urban underground tunnels that make our modern megacities possible. From their ancient beginnings in antiquity, as a means of supplying fresh water and draining waste water from cities, underground tunnels evolved into a means of providing high capacity rail mass transit in our most densely populated urban centers. This paper provides a broad overview of the evolution of urban tunnels across a 6000 year time span and includes the specific engineering formulas/computations for the earliest 19th century subways/infrastructure projects based on the Roman vaulted arch tunnel.

关键词： Subway subterranean Passageway Ancient Underground Mesopotamia Greece Rome Cut and Cover Cloaca Maxima Cryptoporticus Croton Aq-ueduct Arch Tunnel Atlantic Avenue Tunnel London Railway London Tube Beach/Greathead Shield 19th Century Arched Tunnel Calculations

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