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The Necessity of the Development of Standards for Renewable Energy Technologies in Nigeria

Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2014年第11期5卷 259-274页

作者： Vincent Nnaemeka Emodi Samson D. Yusuf Kyun-Jin Boo Department of Technology Management Economics and Policy Program College of Engineering Seoul National University Seoul South Korea

Clean energy is vital for the sustainability of any economy in the world. Many industrialized nations have increased their production capacity of renewable energy while other countries lacking the technical expertise and resource have resorted to import these technologies. The imported technologies mostly have standards that are followed by the manufactures while others are manufactured cheaply and exported to developing countries that do not have adequate standards and certification bodies. Nigeria which is a fast growing country has no existing standards to check the influx of renewable energy technologies into the country. This study stresses the need for the development of standards for renewable energy technologies in order to prevent the importation of substandard renewable energy technologies in Nigeria. The study reviews the renewable energy potentials in Nigeria, introduces the concept of standardization and discusses the development of standards for renewable energy technologies.

关键词： Standards Standardization Renewable Energy Technologies substandard

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Adherence of Community Pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to Optimal Conditions for Keeping and Selling Good-Quality Medicines

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2013年第5期4卷 431-437页

作者： Hani M. J. Khojah Henrik Pallos Hirohito Tsuboi Naoko Yoshida Hisham S. Abou-Auda Kazuko Kimura Department of Clinical Pharmacy College of Pharmacy King Saud University Riyadh KSA. Department of Drug Management and Policy Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Kana- zawa Japan Department of Drug Management and Policy Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Kana- zawa Japan Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy College of Pharmacy Taibah University Madinah KSA Department of International Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University KanazawaJapan

Exposure to excessive temperature during distribution or storage has unfavorable consequences on the quality of medicines, particularly in hot climates. This could be one of the possible reasons behind the existence of substandard amoxicillin in community pharmacies in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This study explored the conditions under which medicines were kept in a random sample of 181 community pharmacies in Riyadh. The pharmacist in charge in each pharmacy was interviewed and our observations about the quality of storage were recorded. The inspection revealed that in 9% of the sample the readings of the existing room thermometers were >25℃, and that 13% of the sample lacked thermometers. Also in 33% of the sample the readings of the refrigerator thermometers were outside the accepted range, and 7% of the sample lacked refrigerator thermometers. About 15% of pharmacists were not informed about the local regulations of community pharmacy practice, neither before nor after taking up their current positions. Surprisingly, incorrect answers to simple questions about the system were frequently given by the informed pharmacists. Certain aspects of substandard storage conditions existed, in varying degrees, in significant percentages of pharmacies regardless of the pharmacists’ qualifications, experience, or awareness about the local regulations of community pharmacy practice. Stricter monitoring by the authorities regarding the adherence of community pharmacies to optimal conditions of storing medicines is recommended. Continuing education of community pharmacists must also be improved.

关键词： Quality of Medicines substandard Medicine Saudi Arabia Community Pharmacy Quality of Pharmacies

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Quality Assessment of Artemether/Lumefantrine Tablets Sampled from Pharmacies in Accra, Using the *** Color Software

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2013年第8期4卷 567-572页

作者： Ebenezer Adu Nyarko Henry Nettey Department of Pharmaceutics and Microbiology School of Pharmacy College of Health Sciences University of Ghana Legon Ghana.

Background: Widespread resistance has been recorded with the use of monotherapy in the management of malaria. In 2000, Ghana initiated the process of using Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) following the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommendation. Globally and in Ghana, there stands a high risk of development of resistance to the ACTs due to the act of counterfeiting or substandard drugs. In 2009, there was a report that fake Coartem, an ACT had been found in Ghana by the Drug Quality and Information (DQI) Program;this is a serious national problem that needs redress thus the need to conduct this study to check if there are any substandard or counterfeit Artemether/ Lumefantrine tablets on the Ghanaian market. Method: Using Representative sampling method, a total of nine different brands or samples of artemether/lumefantrine tablets were sampled from nine different Pharmacies in Accra. The samples were analyzed using a validated *** colour software technology. Results: The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) recommend that for assay of tablets, the percentage concentration should fall within 80%-120%. After the analysis, seven out of the nine samples passed the test to varying degrees. Two samples (AL-S4 and AL-S6) however failed the test with AL-S4 recording artemether concentration (126.07%) above and Lumefantrine concentration (78.38%) below the recommended figure while AL-S6’s 51.53% failed to meet the minimum allowable concentration for lumefantrine in a tablet. Conclusion: The results presented show that some Artemether/Lumefantrine tablets on the Ghanaian market still have issues with regards to quality or level of active ingredients. There would therefore be the need for further studies to be conducted into these products especially those that failed the test.

关键词： Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy Resistance Counterfeit or substandard Drugs

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