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Subjective experience and visual attention to a historic building:A real-world eyetracking study

Frontiers of Architectural Research 2020年第4期9卷 774-804页

作者： Luis Alfonso de la Fuente Suarez Architecture School Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo LeonSon Nicolos de los Garza(Monterrey)66455Mexico

The objective of this exploratory study is to discover the relations between visual attention to an architectural work and the Subjective experiences produced during its observation.A Subjective experience with a building is the specific manner in which an architectural element or the building as a whole are presented to a person.The qualities of the element as how they are perceived and the inner world of the observer are both considered in this Subjective experience.The aims of this study are to describe the experience that a building generates in people,pinpoint what has attracted the participant's attention during each view of the building in an itinerary;and understand which aspects of this selected case study have made it an object of attend on.An eye-tracking study was carried out using a portable eye tracker.This tool allowed the participants to walk freely around the exterior of a historic train station in the city of Monterrey,Mexico.Two groups of participants,with routes starting from opposite sides of the building,contemplated it while using the eye tracker.Eye tracking allowed for the identification of the architectural elements that were objects of attention,the lengths of observation,and the points of view from which the elements were observed.Other data collection techniques,such as the think-aloud protocol and a special type of survey,were used to deeply understand the experiences that accompanied the visual exploration of the historic building.Results suggest that the participants observed the different architectural elements for a time that was neither influenced by the route used to explore the building nor the point where that route was initiated.The architectural elements identified as examples of high-quality architecture and perceived as aesthetically pleasing by the participants during the itinerary were observed for longer times.

关键词： Eye tracking Architecture Attention Subjective experience Data visualization

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Awe Expands Perception of Time,Alters Decision Making and Life Satisfaction

Awe Expands Perception of Time,Alters Decision Making and Li...

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作者： Fanggui Tang College of Education Science Hengyang Normal University

Time might be the scarcest commodity for many people in modern life.People increasingly report feeling time starved,and that feeling exacts a toll on health and well-being.Three experiments showed that participants who felt awe,relative to other emotions,felt they had more time available and were less impatient.Participants who experienced awe also were more willing to volunteer their time to help other people,more strongly preferred experiences over material products,and experienced greater life satisfaction.Mediation analyses revealed that these changes in decision making and well-being were due to awe’s ability to alter the Subjective experience of time.experiences of awe bring people into the present moment,and being in the present moment underlies awe’s capacity to adjust time perception,influence decisions,and make life feel more satisfying than it would otherwise.

关键词： awe perception of time availability decision making Subjective experience

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教师理解儿童的依据与层次

幼儿教育导读（教育科学版）

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幼儿教育导读（教育科学版） 2022年第1期

作者：赵南

教师如何理解儿童是发生在教师内心世界的理性活动，只有教师本人才最清楚自己究竟在依据什么理解儿童，由此使自己关于儿童的理解处于何种层次。教师如果依据个人主观经验理解儿童，那么其使用的就是最低级别的理解依据，其关于儿童的... 详细信息

教师如何理解儿童是发生在教师内心世界的理性活动，只有教师本人才最清楚自己究竟在依据什么理解儿童，由此使自己关于儿童的理解处于何种层次。教师如果依据个人主观经验理解儿童，那么其使用的就是最低级别的理解依据，其关于儿童的理解也就处于最低的“主观经验层次”。教师如果依据儿童发展理论理解儿童，那么其使用的就是本质由抽象概念组成的理解依据，其关于儿童的理解也就处于可能正确的“抽象概念层次”。教师如果依据儿童所处具体情境理解儿童，那么其使用的理解依据实质是教师进入与把握儿童情境的程度，其关于儿童的理解也就处于接近儿童真实的“具体情境层次”。教师如果依据自己与儿童共有的人性理解儿童，那么其使用的理解依据实质是教师对自己生而为人的本质属性的认识深度，其关于儿童的理解也就处于接近真实儿童的“共有人性层次”。儿童作为人的存在决定了教师理解儿童不在于追求精准，而在于教师能够基于对儿童的理解实现对儿童最大程度的接纳、包容与谅解，从而能够形成关于儿童发展的合理期望。因此，教师需要时常反思和首先警醒的是自己在依据什么理解儿童的心理过程，不断激励自己在更高的层次上理解儿童。

关键词：理解儿童主观经验抽象概念具体情境共有人性　　teachers' understanding of children Subjective experience abstract concept specific situation shared humanity

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