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Design and test of the bilateral throwing soil-covering device for straw mulching machine in orchards

International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2023年第1期16卷 162-171页

作者： Xinhua Zhu Xiang Gao Xudong Li Shaojie Xu College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100ShaanxiChina Weichai Lovol Heavy Industry Co. Ltd.Weifang 261200ShandongChina

Aiming to lack the function of soil covering in the developed orchard straw mulching machine(OSM),a kind of bilateral counter-throwing soil-covering device was developed to eliminate the orchard fire risk caused by the straw *** soil-covering device was suspended at the rear of the *** core component was a pair of throwing wheels installed on both sides of a *** motors drove the throwing wheels to take soil on-site and cover the straw *** adjustment range of the space between the throwing wheels on both sides was 1.4-2.1 *** on the analysis of soil-covering quantity,soil-covering width,thickness uniformity of soil layer,and power consumption,the key parameters such as the radius,the number of the vane,and the minimum rotation speed of the throwing wheels were *** was proved that the thickness uniformity of the soil layer by bilateral counter-throwing was better than by unilateral,and bottom throwing was better than top *** blade of the soil cutter consisted of a straight blade and a curved blade,and the sliding-cutting angle was 14°-40°.The field test results showed the soil-covering device had good performance with a width of 1.4-2.2 m,a thickness of the soil-covering layer(TSL)of 23.2-40.7 mm,a standard deviation(SD)of 1.4-2.9 mm,width uniformity of 100%,and leakage rate of *** established model,between the thickness of soil-covering layer and trenching depth,throwing angle,and rotation speed of the throwing wheels,has a determination coefficient of 0.9757 and can be used to guide the operating *** soil cutter reduced the power consumption and impact load of the throwing wheels by 64.77%and 60.88%,*** work provides a type of new equipment for the mechanization technology of straw mulching in arid and semi-arid orchards.

关键词： orchard straw mulching mechanization soil-covering device counter-throwing uniformity

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Effects of straw mulching on microclimate characteristics and evapotranspiration of drip-irrigated winter wheat in North China Plain

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2018年第2期11卷 122-131页

作者： Jiandong Wang Yanqun Zhang Shihong Gong Di Xu Richard Snyder Yanyu Chen Yuefen Zhao Qinghong Yan State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower ResearchBeijing 100048China University of California DavisCA 95616USA Beijing IWHR Corporation China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower ResearchBeijing 100048China

Field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years(2013-2014 and 2014-2015)to study the effects of straw mulching on microclimate characteristics,energy flux,soil evaporation(Es)and evapotranspiration of winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)under adequate drip irrigation in North China Plain(NCP).The results revealed that straw mulching affected air temperature(T_(a))and dew point temperature(T_(d))near the soil surface but had little effect on relative humidity(RH)compared with non-mulched *** mulching increased the turbulent exchange coefficient(K),and K within the canopy was higher than that above the *** mulching clearly increased the sensible heat flux(H)distribution in April-June,and part of the energy needed for evapotranspiration was provided by transfer from the warmer air *** was a linear functional relationship between H and T_(a)measured above and within the *** straw mulching decreased Es but increased crop transpiration(T).Mulched treatment(TM)can decrease the total irrigation amount by about 7%-15%compared with the non-mulched treatment(TN).There were no significant differences(p>0.05)in cumulative crop evapotranspiration(ETc)between TM and TN treatments under adequate drip irrigation,and the use of mulch may need to be combined with an optimal deficit drip irrigation schedule for managing the declining water table in NCP.

关键词： drip irrigation microclimate straw mulching winter wheat evapotranspiration water use efficiency

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Growth Characteristics and Yield of Late-Season Rice under No-tillage and Non-flooded Cultivation with straw mulching

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Rice science 2010年第2期17卷 141-148页

作者： WANG Dong LI Hui-xin QIN Jiang-tao LI Da-ming Hu Feng College of Resources and Environmental Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China Nanjing Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 China

A long-term field experiment （started at 2003） was conducted to determine the effects of different dce cultivation methods on growth characteristics and grain yield of late-season rice under double-rice cropping system in seasonal drought region of southeast China （Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province）. The rice cultivation methods included no-tillage and flooded rice cultivation （N-F）, no-tillage and non-flooded rice cultivation with straw mulching （N-SM）, and no-tillage and non-flooded rice cultivation without straw mulching （N-ZM）. There was no significant difference in rice grain yield between the N-SM and N-F treatments. However, the rice grain yields in the N-SM and N-F treatments were significantly higher than that in the N-ZM treatment. The late-season rice plants in the N-SM treatment had significantly higher numbers of effective panicles and total grains per hill compared with those in the N-ZM treatment. The above-ground dry matter of late-season rice was similar between the N-SM and N-F treatments. Compared with the N-F treatment, the N-ZM and N-SM treatments significantly decreased the leaf area at the heading stage. Moreover, the N-SM treatment could significantly increase total root length and root tip number at the grain-filling stage compared with the N-ZM treatment.

关键词： rice no-tillage non-flooded cultivation straw mulching growth characteristics yield

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Research on the effect of straw mulching on the soil moisture by field experiment in the piedmont plain of the Taihang Mountains

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Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering 2017年第3期5卷 286-295页

作者： LI Man ZHANG Wei HE Yu-jiang WANG Gui-ling Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology CAGS

To reveal the influencing effect of the long-term straw mulching on the soil moisture, this paper employed the field experiment data in 2010 of a typical area of Taihang Mountains plain, observed the soil moisture dynamic regularities under different mulching patterns by virtue of depressimeter and neutron probe, analyzed the characteristics of soil water content and storage in different depths and seasons under the long-term straw mulching. The results showed that the long-term straw mulching can keep the soil moisture conservation of the deep, while decreased the shallow.(1) The long-term straw mulching can changed the type of soil water movement. If no straw mulching, the type is mainly evaporation-infiltration. And with straw mantle the type would change into infiltration. The number of zero flux plane would be reduced or absent.(2) The long-term straw mulching can increase the soil water reserves of the whole soil profile with the depth between 0 cm and 220 cm. But the soil water content of the layer from 30 cm to 80 cm decreased and the soil water content of the layer from 80 cm to 220 cm increased instead., The effect of soil moisture conservation on winter wheat is not obvious;(3) With no straw mulching, the depth of infiltration recharge by rainfall or irrigation is shallower than 80 cm. In a straw mulching, the influence depth is can extend to 120 cm;(4) With no straw mulching, there is a deep layer on the depth of 220 cm between March and June, while this layer will disappear with a long-term straw mulching.

关键词： straw mulching Soil moisture Soil water content Deep layer Soil moisture conservation

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Effects of Non-flooded Cultivation with straw mulching on Rice Agronomic Traits and Water Use Efficiency

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Rice science 2006年第1期13卷 59-66页

作者： QIN Jiang-tao HU Feng LI Hui-xin WANG Yi-ping HUANG Fa-quan HUANG Hua-xiang College of Resources and Environmental Sciences Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China China National Rice Research Institute Hangzhou 310006 China Plantation of Dengjia Town Yujiang County Jiangxi Province Yujiang 335200 China

A field experiment was conducted to study water use efficiency and agronomic traits in rice cultivated in flooded soil and non-flooded soils with and without straw mulching. The total amount of water used by rice under flooded cultivation （FC） was 2.42 and 3.31 times as much as that by rice under the non-flooded cultivation with and without straw mulching, respectively. The average water seepage was 13 560 m^3/ha under the flooded cultivation, 4 750 m^3/ha under the non-flooded cultivation without straw mulching （ZM） and 4 680 m^3/ha under non-flooded cultivation with straw mulching （SM）. The evapotranspiration in the SM treatment was only 38.2% and 63.6% of the FC treatment and ZM treatment, respectively. Compared with the ZM treatment, straw mulching significantly increased leaf area per plant, main root length, gross root length and root dry weight per plant of rice. The highest grain yield under the SM treatment （6 747 kg/ha） was close to the rice cultivated in flooded soil （6 811.5 kg / ha）. However, the yield under the ZM treatment （4 716 kg/ha） was much lower than that under the FS treatment and SM treatment. The order of water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency were both as follows： SM〉 ZM〉 FC.

关键词： rice non-flooded cultivation straw mulching water use efficiency irrigation water use efficiency agronomic traits

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Protection Methods to Reduce Nitrogen and Phosphorus Losses from Sloping Citrus Land in the Three Gorges Area of China

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Pedosphere 2015年第3期25卷 478-488页

作者： XIA Li-Zhong LIU Guo-Hua WU Yong-Hong MA Li LI Yun-Dong Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences

The increased application of chemical fertilizers in citrus orchards and the non-point source nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P)diffusion threaten the fresh water quality of the Three Gorges Reservoir area of China. A 10-year field trial on sloping citrus lands was conducted to evaluate five protection methods for reducing N and P losses: 1) intercropping with perennial white clover(CW); 2) straw mulching of the soil surface(CS); 3) intercropping with yellow daylily contour hedgerows(CH); 4) an impermeable membrane buried in the soil along the contour lines(CM); and 5) intercropping with a rotation of wheat and peanut(CWP). An area of conventional citrus management was also maintained as the control(CK). The results showed that CM and CH were the most effective methods for reducing surface runoff. The sediment yield were reduced at the highest rate by CW and CH and was also significantly reduced by CS. Reduced runoff volume and sediment yield were the crucial mechanism for the reductions in N and P losses. Compared with the control, CW, CS, CH, and CM reduced annual runoff by 9%, 13%, 25%, and 30%, sediment yield by 77%, 55%, 71%, and 28%,N loss by 10%, 23% 36%, and 37%, and P loss by 39%, 31%, 27%, and 25%, respectively. CW, CS, CH, and CM were effective in reducing N and P losses from the sloping citrus land. However, over the long-term, surface soil nutrient accumulation in CW, CS, and CH diminished the benefit of those methods in reducing N and P losses. In addition, CWP increased soil erosion and nutrient loss,which showed that citrus intercropping with other crops was an unsuitable method for citrus sloping land in the Three Gorges area.

关键词： contour hedgerows impermeable membrane intercropping runoff sediment straw mulching

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Soil Fertility Indices of Citrus Orchard Land Along Topographic Gradients in the Three Gorges Area of China

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Pedosphere 2011年第6期21卷 782-792页

作者： WU Dian-Ming YU Yuan-Chun XIA Li-Zhong YIN Shi-Xue YANG Lin-Zhang College of Forest Resources and Environment Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 （China） State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 （China） College of Environmental Science and Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 22500g （China）

In the Three Gorges Area of China, soil erosion and the resultant non-point source pollution and ecological degradation have endangered agricultural ecosystems and fresh water reservoirs. Although efforts have been undertaken to reduce soil and water losses from slope land used for citrus production, information on the effects of management practices on soil fertility indices is either limited or nonexistent. This study was conducted to compare the effects of 10 years of various management practices, citrus intercropped with white clover (WC), citrus mulched with straw (SM), citrus intercropped with contour hedgerows (CH), citrus orchard land with impermeable membrane (IM), and citrus intercropped with wheat (Triticum aestivum) and peanut (Arachris hypogaea) (WP), as treatments on soil fertility indices with that of the conventional citrus management (CM). Results showed that the soil organic carbon, total and available nitrogen, available potassium, and water-stable aggregate (> 0.25 mm) contents at the 0–5 cm depth were higher for the WC and SM treatments than the CM treatment. There was also spatial variation in soil fertility along slopes of the WC and SM treatments. The soil total and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and water-stable aggregate (> 0.25 mm) contents at both the 0–5 and 5–20 cm depths were higher for the CH and IM treatments than the CM treatment. The average soil available nitrogen and available potassium contents were higher for the WP treatment than the CM treatment, but the WP treatment had little effect on the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and water-stable aggregate (> 0.25 mm) contents. These suggested that white clover intercropping and straw mulching were the most effective approaches to improve soil fertility in citrus orchard land of the Three Gorges area.

关键词： intercropping slope land soil nutrients soil water-stable aggregates straw mulching

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Improving water use ef fi ciency in grain production of winter wheat and summer maize in the North China Plain: a review

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Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2016年第1期3卷 25-33页

作者： Xiying ZHANG Wenli QIN Juanna XIE The Center for Agricultural Resources Research Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology The Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Reducing irrigation water use by improving water use ef ficiency(WUE) in grain production is critical for the development of sustainable agriculture in the North China Plain(NCP). This article summarizes the research progresses in WUE improvement carried out at the Luancheng station located in the Northern part of NCP for the past three decades. Progresses in four aspects of yield and WUE improvement are presented, including yield and WUE improvement associated with cultivar selection, irrigation management for improving yield and WUE under limited water supply, managing root system for ef ficient soil water use and reducing soil evaporation by straw mulch. The results showed that annual average increase of 0.014 kg$m^(–3)for winter wheat and 0.02 kg$m^(–3)in WUE were observed for the past three decades, and this increase was largely associated with the improvement in harvest index related to cultivar renewal and an increase in chemical fertilizer use and soil fertility. The results also indicated that de ficit irrigation for winter wheat could signi ficantly reduce the irrigation water use, whereas the seasonal yield showed a smaller reduction rate and WUE was signi ficantly improved. straw mulching of summer maize using the straw from winter wheat could reduce seasonal soil evaporation by 30–40 mm. With new cultivars and improved management practices it was possible to further increase grain production without much increase in water use. Future strategies to further improve WUE are also discussed.

关键词： harvest index cultivar selection deficit irrigation root water uptake straw mulching

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Response of Yield,Microbial Community Composition and Soil Respiration in Rhizosphere of Rape Intercropped with Chinese Milk Vetch

Response of Yield,Microbial Community Composition and Soil R...

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2016年全国青年作物栽培与生理学术研讨会

作者：周泉王龙昌西南大学农学与生物科技学院

【Background】In the context of global warming,the management of agricultural carbon emissions has become more and more imperative,and green manuring has great potential to curb agricultural carbon *** present study aimed at investigating the role of Chinese milk vetch intercropping with rape to enhance the soil productivity and suppress the carbon emission impact in purple soil region of Southwest,China.【Materials and Methods】 A series of pot experiments included three root separation methods and two straw mulching methods,were employed to explore the soil properties,rape growth,the soil microorganism and the soil respiration in response to Chinese Milk ***】 The intercropping green manure(Chinese milk vetch) substantially decreased the organic carbon content and the total PLFA(phospholipid fatty acid) in rape rhizosphere,and strongly inhibited the growth of anaerobic *** addition,the structure of soil microbial community in rape straw mulching rhizosphere also changed greatly,which was significantly correlated with 16:lw9c and 18:3w6c(6,9,12).During the rape cultivation,Chinese milk vetch considerably inhibited the elevation of soil temperature and decreased the soil carbon flux in rape *** soil respiration presented the general trend of fall-rise-fall and a cubic curve relationship with soil *** was proved that soil respiration was positively correlated with soil temperature in a certain range,and it was also closely related to the crop growth.【Conclusions】 Our findings revealed that Chinese milk vetch as a green manure may be helpful to manage the agricultural carbon emissions,increase soil productivity,improve the structure of soil microbial community and suppress carbon emissions.

关键词： root interaction straw mulching root separation soil microorganism carbon emission

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EFFECTS OF THE COVER AND INTERCROPPING ON FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITY OF TEA GARDEN

EFFECTS OF THE COVER AND INTERCROPPING ON FUNCTIONAL DIVERSI...

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第三世界生态高峰会

作者： Xu H.Q~(1,2) Xiao R.L~(**) Song T.Q~1 Zhou D.S~2 Luo W~2 Ren Q~2 Huang y~2 ~1Instinde of subtropical Agriculture.Chinese Academy of Sciences.Hunon:Changsha,410125:~2Hunan Agricultural University,Hunan Changsha,410128

Hilly red soil region along Yangtze River is a very important tea production place in China,However,Low organic matter content. nutrients shortage are the key problems for tea production in the area. Nowadays with the green barrier problem become more and more serious in tea marketplace,it is urgent to improve the tea garden environment by ecological *** to previous reports, straw mulching and intercrepping white clover could improve the ecological condition of soil water,fertility,aeration and thermal condition and so *** few reports concerned about the impact on soil microbial community of tea *** study tried to use BIOLOG bacterial identification system ECO plates to assess the *** experiment was constructed in the research field of the Institute of Subtropical Agriculture,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Changsha,all the 6 treatments started from March,2004:1) QW(tillage without straw mulching or intercropping,chemical fertilized);2)QY(tillage without straw mulching or intercropping. with organic matter);3)DW(straw mulching and chemical fertilized);4)DY(straw mulching,with organic manure);5)SW(intereropping white clover and chemical fertilized);6)SY(intercropping white clover with organic manure).The soil samples were collected at the depth of 0-20em at 14,July,*** well color devilments (AWCD)data were calculated for each sample at each reading time,the result was:SY＞DW＞DY＞QY＞SW＞QW,this showed that organic manure can improve the abundance and diversity in different degrees. SY and DW were prior than others maybe because they can provide better C/N for soil microbial *** analysis on multiple indexes indicated that straw mulching and intercropping white clover have litter significant influence to the common Species of the soil microorganism,but the microbial community evenness *** the principal components analysis we found the differentiation to soil microbial community were brought mainly by the carb

关键词： BIOLOG straw mulching Intercropping White Clover Soil Microbial Community

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