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Skim resequencing finely maps the downy mildew resistance loci RPF2 and RPF3 in spinach cultivars whale and Lazio

Horticulture Research 2023年第6期10卷 110-120页

作者： Gehendra Bhattarai Ainong Shi Beiquan Mou James C.Correll Department of Horticulture University of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA USDA-ARS Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit SalinasCA 93905USA Department of Plant Pathology University of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701USA

Commercial production of spinach(Spinacia oleracea L.)is centered in California and Arizona in the US,where downy mildew caused by Peronospora effusa is the most destructive *** typical races of *** have been reported to infect spinach,with 16 identified after *** regular appearance of new pathogen races breaks the resistance gene introgressed in *** attempted to map and delineate the RPF2 locus at a finer resolution,identify linked single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)markers,and report candidate downy mildew resistance(R)*** populations segregating for RPF2 locus derived from resistant differential cultivar Lazio were infected using race 5 of *** and were used to study for genetic transmission and mapping analysis in this *** analysis performed with low coverage whole genome resequencing-generated SNP markers mapped the RPF2 locus between 0.47 to 1.46 Mb of chromosome 3 with peak SNP(Chr3_1,221,009)showing a LOD value of 61.6 in the GLM model in TASSEL,which was within 1.08 Kb from Spo12821,a gene that encodes CC-NBS-LRR plant disease resistance *** addition,a combined analysis of progeny panels of Lazio and Whale segregating for RPF2 and RPF3 loci delineated the resistance section in chromosome 3 between 1.18–1.23 and 1.75–1.76 *** study provides valuable information on the RPF2 resistance region in the spinach cultivar Lazio compared to RPF3 loci in the cultivar *** RPF2 and RPF3 specific SNP markers,plus the resistant genes reported here,could add value to breeding efforts to develop downy mildew resistant cultivars in the future.

关键词： spinach resistance cultivar

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A Novel Convolutional Neural Networks Based spinach Classification and Recognition System

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第10期73卷 343-361页

作者： Sankar Sennan Digvijay Pandey Youseef Alotaibi Saleh Alghamdi Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sona College of TechnologySalem636005India Department of Technical Education Department of Electronics EngineeringInstitute of Engineering and TechnologyDr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam Technical UniversityLucknowIndia Department of Computer Science College of Computer and Information SystemsUmm Al-Qura UniversityMakkah21955Saudi Arabia Department of Information Technology College of Computers and Information TechnologyTaif UniversityTaif21944Saudi Arabia

In the present scenario,Deep Learning(DL)is one of the most popular research algorithms to increase the accuracy of data *** to intra-class differences and inter-class variation,image classification is one of the most difficult jobs in image *** or spinach recognition or classification is one of the deep learning applications through its *** is more critical for human skin,bone,and hair,*** provides vitamins,iron,minerals,and *** is beneficial for diet and is readily available in people’s *** researchers have proposed various machine learning and deep learning algorithms to classify plant images more accurately in recent *** paper presents a novel Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)to recognize spinach more *** proposed CNN architecture classifies the spinach category,namely Amaranth leaves,Black nightshade,Curry leaves,and Drumstick *** dataset contains 400 images with four classes,and each type has 100 *** images were captured from the agricultural land located at Thirumanur,Salem district,Tamil *** proposed CNN achieves 97.5%classification *** addition,the performance of the proposed CNN is compared with Support Vector Machine(SVM),Random Forest,Visual Geometry Group 16(VGG16),Visual Geometry Group 19(VGG19)and Residual Network 50(ResNet50).The proposed provides superior performance than other models,namely SVM,Random Forest,VGG16,VGG19 and ResNet50.

关键词： Accuracy convolutional deep learning plant neural networks spinach

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Effects of 4f Electron Characteristics and Alternation Valence of Rare Earths on Photosynthesis: Regulating Distribution of Energy and Activities of spinach Chloroplast

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Journal of Rare Earths 2007年第4期25卷 495-501页

作者：刘晓晴苏明玉刘超张易司文会洪法水 College of Life Sciences Suzhou University Suzhou Polytechnical Institute of Agriculture

Chloroplasts were isolated from spinach treated with taCl3, CeCl3, and NdCl3. Because of owning 4f electron characteristics and alternation valence, Ce treatment presented the highest enhancement in light absorption, energy transfer from LHC Ⅱ to PS Ⅱ, excitation energy distribution from PS Ⅰ to PS Ⅱ, and fluorescence quantum yield around 680 nm. Compared with Ce treatment, Nd treatment resulted in relatively lower enhancement in these physiological indices, as Nd did not have alternation valence. La treatment presented the lowest enhancement, as La did not have either 4f electron or alternation valence. The increase in activities of whole chain electron transport, PS ⅡDCPIP photoreduction, and oxygen evolution of chloroplasts was of the following order： Ce〉Nd 〉La〉 control. However, the photoreduction activities of spinach PS I almost did not change with La, Ce, or Nd treatments. The results suggested that 4f electron characteristics and alternation valence of rare earths had a close relationship with photosynthesis improvement.

关键词： 4f electron characteristic and alternation valence spinach chloroplast energy transfer and distribution photochemical activity rare earths

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Effects of CeCl_3 on Energy Transfer and Oxygen Evolution in spinach Photosystem Ⅱ

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Journal of Rare Earths 2007年第5期25卷 624-630页

作者：刘晓晴苏明玉刘超张璐司文会洪法水 College of Life Sciences Suzhou University Suzhou Polytechnical Institute of Agriculture

Due to 4f electron characteristics and alternation valence, cerium involved in an oxidation-reduction reaction in plant, closely relating to photosynthesis. Our studies proved that cerium could promote photosynthesis and greatly improve spinach growth. However, the mechanism of promoting energy transfer and conversion by cerium remains unclear. Here we reported that the effects of Ce^3＋ on energy transfer and oxygen evolution in photosystem Ⅱ （PS Ⅱ ） isolated from spinach, which was related to 4f electron characteristics and alternation valence in Ce molecule. The methods of absorption spectrum, fluorescence spectrum were used in the research. Results showed that Ce^3＋ treatment at low concentration could suitably change PS Ⅱ mieroenvironment, increase the absorbance of visible light, improve the energy transfer among amino acids within PS Ⅱ protein-pigment complex, and accelerate energy transport from tyrosine residue to chlorophyll a. In summary, the photochemical activity of PS Ⅱ （fluorescence quantum yield） and its oxygen evolving rate were enhanced by Ce^3＋.

关键词： CeCla spinach photosystem Ⅱ spectral characteristics energy transfer oxygen evolution rare earths

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Accumulation of Rare Earth Elements in spinach and Soil under Condition of Using REE and Acid Rain Stress

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Journal of Rare Earths 2002年第2期20卷 132-138页

作者：严重玲洪业汤林鹏王世杰李心清梁洁 School of Life Sciences Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Science Guizhou 550002 China College of Resource and Environment Science Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China

The content and distribution characteristics of REE in spinach and soil under using REE and acid rain stress were studied by pot experiments. The results show that the content of REE is 0 527～0 696 (μg·g -1 ) in the above ground portion of spinach, 2 668～3 003 (μg·g -1 ) in the under ground portion of spinach and 229 09～250 30 (μg·g -1 ) in the soil. With the acidity of acid rain increasing, the leaching of REE in plants and soil is strengthened and the amount of REE reduces with decreasing of pH value. After REE are used, though plants show the selective absorption to Ce group elements (especially spraying on leaves), regardless under acid rain stress or using REE or not, the distribution model of REE in the above ground and under ground portion of plants is basically the same with the control. Plants also follow the Oddo Harkins rule of the REE of distribution abundance, light rare earth elements is enriched, the minus of Eu is abnormal and admeasure of Ce is a rich model. The results show that REE in plants mainly come from soil and are affected by it.

关键词： rare earths acid rain stress spinach soil

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Effect of Nd^(3+) on Photosynthesis of spinach

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Journal of Rare Earths 2004年第2期22卷 306-310页

作者：刘超洪法水王玲郑蕾 College of Life Science Library Suzhou University Suzhou 215006 China

The effect of Nd^(3+) on the photosynthesis and the growth of spinach was studied. The results show that Nd^(3+) improves the growth of spinach and increases chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate. UV-Vis spectrum indicates that the Soret band of chl-a in spinach with NdCl_3 treatment is blue shifted by 2 nm, and the Q band is red shifted by 1 nm, and the ratio of Soret band intensity and Q band intensity increases. FT-IR spectra show that the peak of porphyrin ring in chl-a of spinach with NdCl_3 treatment is widened, suggesting that the formation of Nd^(3+)-chl-a. Treated by NdCl_3, the fluorescence emission peak of PSⅡ in spinach leaves is blue shifted by 12 nm and the intensity declines obviously, indicating that Nd^(3+) is bound to the PSⅡ protein-pigment complex and the electron transfer rate increases.

关键词： botany Nd^(3+) ion spinach chlorophyll photosystemⅡ rare earths

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Cerium relieving the inhibition of photosynthesis and growth of spinach caused by lead

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Journal of Rare Earths 2009年第5期27卷 864-869页

作者：周敏迮玉官李娜段艳梅陈婷刘超洪法水 Medical College of Soochow University

Chloroplasts were isolated from spinach cultured in lead chloride-present, Ce3+-administered, cerium chloride-administered lead chloride-present Hoagland’s media or that of Hoagland’s media. The experimental study demonstrated the effects of cerium (Ce) on distribution of light energy and photochemical activities of spinach chloroplast grown in lead (Pb)-present media. It was observed that Pb2+ significantly inhibited photosynthesis in spinach, including light absorption, energy transfer from LHCⅡ to photosystem Ⅱ, excitation energy distribution from photosystem I to photosystem Ⅱ, and transformation from light energy to electron energy and oxygen evolution of chloroplasts, and decreased spinach growth. However, Ce3+ treatment to Pb2+-present chloroplasts could obviously improve light absorption and excitation energy distribution in both photosystems and increase activity of photochemical reaction and oxygen evolution of chloroplasts. The results suggested that Ce3+ under Pb2+ stress could maintain the stability of chloroplast membrane, and improve photosynthesis of spinach chloroplast, thus promote spinach growth.

关键词： CeCl3 PbCl2 spinach photosynthesis growth rare earths

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Effect of Nano-anatase TiO_2 on Spectral Characterization of PhotosystemⅡParticles from spinach

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Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 2005年第2期21卷 196-200页

作者： HONGFa-shui YANGPing GAOFeng-qing LIUChao ZHENGLei YANGFan ZHOUJuan CollegeofLifeSciences CollegeofChemistryandChemicalEngineering SuzhouUniversitySuzhou215006P.R.China

The photosystem Ⅱ(PSⅡ) particles were purified by means of nano-anatase TiO_2 treatment of spinach and studied by spectroscopy. The results show that the electron transport and the oxygen-evolving rate of PSⅡ are accelerated after it has been treated with nano-anatase TiO_2; the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of PSⅡ particles is increased; the red shift of fluorescence emission peak of PSⅡ is 2 nm; the peak intensity is decreased; the PSⅡ signal Ⅱs of low temperature electron paramagnetic resonanace(EPR) spectrum is intensified under light, and the PSⅡ circular dichroism(CD) spectrum is similar to that of control. It is suggested that nano-anatase TiO_2 might bind to the PSⅡ reaction center complex and intensify the function of the PSⅡ electron donor, however, nano-anatase TiO_2 treatment does not change the configuration of the PSⅡ reaction center complex.

关键词： Nano-anatase TiO_2 spinach PhotosystemⅡ Spectral characterization

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Effects of Rare Earth Elements on Vigor Enhancement of Aged spinach Seeds

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Journal of Rare Earths 2004年第4期22卷 547-551页

作者：刘超洪法水郑蕾汤萍王志刚 Life Sciences College Suzhou University Suzhou 215006 China

The effect and the mechanism of action of lanthanum, cerium and neodymium on aged seeds of spinach were studied. By LaCl_3, CeCl_3, and NdCl_3 treatment, the germination rate, germination index and vigor index of aged spinach seeds are increased and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase are enhanced. Moreover the ·O_2^- and malondialdehyde content are decreased and the cell membrane permeability of aged spinach seeds is reduced. Among these three rare earth elements, Ce treatment enhances vigor of aged seeds most significantly, that of Nd treatment secondly and La treatment is not as effective as the other two treatments. The reason may be from 4f electron characteristic and alternation valence of REEs.

关键词： botany spinach aged seed germination antioxidase rare earths

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Genomic cloning and sequencing of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene in spinach

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1998年第4期43卷 325-330页

作者： Shu Weiguo Ai Wangdong Chen Shouyi Chinese Acad Sci Inst Genet Beijing 100101 Peoples R China

A genomic library derived from leaves of spinach was constructed with the λGem11_BamHI Arms as the vector. The library was screened using the BADH cDNA of mountain spinach as a probe and six positive clones were obtained through three rounds of screening. One of the positive clones named D, which was hybridized with the 5′600 bp fragment of mountain spinach BADH cDNA, was selected and further analyzed. The size of the insert in clone D was about 12 kb. 8 856 nucleotides of the insert were sequenced which contained 2 459 nucleotides of 5′ noncoding region, 6 111 nucleotides of the complete sequence of the BADH gene, and 286 nucleotides of a 3′ noncoding region. The result of sequence analysis indicated that the BADH gene contained 14 introns and the junction sequences at splicing sites followed the GT_AG rule basically.

关键词： spinach betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase genomic clone sequence analysis.

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