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Climate change and infectious diseases of wildlife： Altered interactions between pathogens, vectors and hosts

Current Zoology 2013年第3期59卷 427-437页

作者： Milena GALLANA Marie-Pierre RYSER-DEGIORGIS Thomas WAHLI Helmut SEGNER Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern CH-3012 Bern Switzerland

Infectious diseases result from the interactions of host, pathogens, and, in the case of vector-borne diseases, also vec- tors. The interactions involve physiological and ecological mechanisms and they have evolved under a given set of environmental conditions. Environmental change, therefore, will alter host-pathogen-vector interactions and, consequently, the distribution, in- tensity, and dynamics of infectious diseases. Here, we review how climate change may impact infectious diseases of aquatic and terrestrial wildlife. Climate change can have direct impacts on distribution, life cycle, and physiological status of hosts, pathogens and vectors. While a change in either host, pathogen or vector does not necessarily translate into an alteration of the disease, it is the impact of climate change on the interactions between the disease components which is particularly critical for altered disease risks. Finally, climate factors can modulate disease through modifying the ecological networks host-pathogen-vector systems are belonging to, and climate change can combine with other environmental stressors to induce cumulative effects on infectious dis- eases. Overall, the influence of climate change on infectious diseases involves different mechanisms, it can be modulated by phenotypic acclimation and/or genotypic adaptation, it depends on the ecological context of the host-pathogen-vector interactions, and it can be modulated by impacts of other stressors. As a consequence of this complexity, non-linear responses of disease sys- tems under climate change are to be expected. To improve predictions on climate change impacts on infectious disease, we sug- gest that more emphasis should be given to the integration of biomedical and ecological research for studying both the physio- logical and ecological mechanisms which mediate climate change impacts on disease, and to the development of harmonized methods and approaches to obtain more comparable results, as this would suppo

关键词： Climate change Wildlife Disease Host Pathogen Vector species interactions

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Spatial point-pattern analysis as a powerful tool in identifying pattern-process relationships in plant ecology: an updated review

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Ecological Processes 2021年第1期10卷 772-794页

作者： Mariem Ben-Said Applied Biology and Pathology Laboratory Department of BiologyFaculty of SciencesAbdelmalek Essaadi UniversityTetouanMorocco

Background:Ecological processes such as seedling establishment,biotic interactions,and mortality can leave footprints on species spatial structure that can be detectable through spatial point-pattern analysis(SPPA).Being widely used in plant ecology,SPPA is increasingly carried out to describe biotic interactions and interpret patternprocess ***,some aspects are still subjected to a non-negligible debate such as required sample size(in terms of the number of points and plot area),the link between the low number of points and frequently observed random(or independent)patterns,and relating patterns to *** this paper,an overview of SPPA is given based on rich and updated literature providing guidance for ecologists(especially beginners)on summary statistics,uni-/bi-/multivariate analysis,unmarked/marked analysis,types of marks,*** ambiguities in SPPA are also ***:SPPA has a long history in plant ecology and is based on a large set of summary statistics aiming to describe species spatial *** mechanisms known to be responsible for species spatial patterns are actually investigated in different biomes and for different *** processes,plant environmental conditions,and human intervention are interrelated and are key drivers of plant spatial *** spite of being not recommended,small sample sizes are more common in *** some areas,periodic forest inventories and permanent plots are scarce although they are key tools for spatial data availability and plant dynamic ***:The spatial position of plants is an interesting source of information that helps to make hypotheses about processes responsible for plant spatial *** the continuous progress of SPPA,some ambiguities require further clarifications.

关键词： Spatial analysis Point-pattern Summary statistics Second-order characteristics Spatial structure species interactions Competition Facilitation Positive association Negative association

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The composition of mixed-species flocks of birds in and around Chitwan National Park,Nepal

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Avian Research 2021年第4期12卷 544-552页

作者： Kamal Raj Gosai Eben Goodale Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation College of ForestryGuangxi UniversityNanning 530004China Department of Environmental Science Tri-Chandra Multiple CampusTribhuvan UniversityGhantagharKathmandu 44600Nepal

Background:Mixed-species flocks(MSFs)have been well sampled in the South Asia,but there has been as yet surprisingly little work on MSFs of Nepal,despite a diverse and well-studied *** surveyed MSFs in two forest types in and around the Important Bird Area of Chitwan National Park in Nepal,between 150 and 800 m a.s.l.,to provide a first description of the composition of MSFs in this *** also aimed to understand which species should be considered‘nuclear species',important to forming MSFs or leading them ***:In total,we collected records on 222 MSFs that included 100 species,and 6097 *** MSFs were similar to worldwide patterns in being dominated by leaf-gleaning,non-terrestrial ***,the MSFs were more dominated by canopy species than usual,and did not have a clear gregarious,understory leading *** drongos(Family Dicruridae)and minivets(Family Campephagidae,Genus Pericrocotus)acted as leaders,and a cluster analysis of composition showed one group of large body size MSFs particularly characterized by the presence of the Greater Racket-tailed Drongo(Dicrurus paradiseus).Conclusions:Drongos are known to provide both costs and benefits to other flock participants:they are aggressive birds that can steal food,and manipulate other species with their vocalizations,but at the same time they are‘sentinel species'that produce information about predation risk other species can *** study demonstrates that drongos can be considered nuclear species for some types of MSFs,despite the potential costs of their *** led by sentinel species thus may form in Asia,as well as in the Neotropics.

关键词： Bird community ecology Dicruridae Keystone species Mixed-species flocks species interactions

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Changes in niche differentiation and environmental filtering over a hydric stress gradient

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2020年第2期13卷 185-194页

作者： Alejandra Martínez-Blancas Carlos Martorell Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales Facultad de CienciasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoyoacán04510 Ciudad de MéxicoMexico Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoAv.Ciudad Universitaria 3000C.P.04510CoyoacánCiudad de MéxicoMexico

Aims Diversity in communities is determined by species’ability to coexist with each other and to overcome environmental stress that may act as an environmental *** differentiation(ND)results in stronger intra-than interspecific competition and promotes *** stress affects interactions,the strength of ND may change along stress gradients.A greater diversity of plant growth forms has been observed in stressful habitats,such as deserts and alpine regions,suggesting greater ND when stress is *** tested the hypothesis that niche differences and environmental filters become stronger with *** In a semiarid grassland in southern Mexico,we sowed six annual species in the field along a hydric stress *** were grown alone(without interactions),with conspecific neighbors(intraspecific interactions)or with heterospecific neighbors(interspecific interactions).We analyzed how the ratio of intra-to interspecific competition changed along the gradient to assess how water availability determines the strength of *** also determined if hydric stress represented an environmental *** Findings We observed stronger intra-than interspecific competition,especially where hydric stress was ***,we found ND in at least some portion of the gradient for all but one *** species were hindered by stress,but others were favored by it perhaps because it eliminates soil *** strong ND was slightly more frequent with stress,our species sample was small and there were exceptions to the general pattern,so further research is needed to establish if this is a widespread phenomenon in nature.

关键词： hydrological niche species interactions environmental constraints species coexistence stabilizing mechanisms equalizing mechanisms

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Interspecific and intraspecific variation in specific root length drives aboveground biodiversity effects in young experimental forest stands

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第1期10卷 158-169页

作者： Wensheng Bu Bernhard Schmid Xiaojuan Liu Ying Li Werner Härdtle Goddert von Oheimb Yu Liang Zhenkai Sun Yuanyuan Huang Helge Bruelheide Keping Ma State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China College of Forestry Jiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchang 330045China Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of ZürichWinterthurerstr.190Zürich 8057Switzerland Institute of Ecology Leuphana University LüneburgScharnhorststr.1Lüneburg 21335Germany Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection Technische Universität DresdenPienner Str.7Tharandt 01737Germany Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergAm Kirchtor 1Halle 06120Germany German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research(iDiv)Halle-Jena-Leipzig DeutscherPlatz 5eLeipzig 04103Germany

Aims Although the net biodiversity effect(NE)can be statistically partitioned into complementarity and selection effects(CE and SE),there are different underlying mechanisms that can cause a certain *** objective was to assess the role of resource partitioning and species interactions as two important mechanisms that can bring about CEs by interspecific and intraspecific trait *** We measured tree height of 2493 living individuals in 57 plots and specific root length(SRL)on first-order roots of 368 of these individuals across different species richness levels(1,2,4,8 species)in a large-scale forest biodiversity and ecosystem functioning experiment in subtropical China(BEF-China)established in *** describe the effects of resource partitioning between species by a fixed component of interspecific functional diversity(RaoQ)and further effects of species interactions by variable components of interspecific and intraspecific functional diversity(community weighted trait similarity and trait dissimilarity,CWS and CWD).Finally,we examined the relationships between biodiversity effects on stand-level tree height and functional diversity(RaoQ,CWS and CWD)in SRL using linear regression and assessed the relative importance of these three components of functional diversity in explaining the diversity *** Findings Our results show that species richness significantly affected SRL in five and tree height in ten out of 16 species.A positive NE was generally brought about by a positive CE on stand-level tree height and related to high values of RaoQ and CWS in SRL.A positive CE was related to high values of all three components of root functional diversity(RaoQ,CWS and CWD).Our study suggests that both resource partitioning and species interactions are the underlying mechanisms of biodiversity effects on stand-level tree growth in subtropical forest.

关键词： aboveground complementarity effects belowground resource partitioning biodiversity and ecosystem functioning species interactions tree height

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