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Evolution and future of urban ecological science:ecology in,of,and for the city

Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2016年第7期2卷 4-20页

作者： Steward T.A.Pickett Mary L.Cadenasso Daniel L.Childers Mark J.McDonnell Weiqi Zhou Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies MillbrookNew York 12545 USA Department of Plant Sciences University of CaliforniaDavis1 Shields AvenueDavisCalifornia 95616 USA School of Sustainability Arizona State UniversityWrigley HallPO Box 875402TempeArizona 85287 USA Australian Research Centre for Urban ecology Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria c/o School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneVictoria 3010 Australia Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences18 Shuangqing RoadHaidian DistrictBeijing 100085 China

The contrast between ecology in cities and ecology of cities has emphasized the increasing scope of urban ecosystem *** in focuses on terrestrial and aquatic patches within cities,suburbs,and exurbs as analogs of non-urban *** fabric outside analog patches is considered to be inhospi-table *** of the city differs from ecology in by treating entire urban mosaics as social-ecolog-ical *** of urban ecosystems incorporates biological,social,and built *** posed as a metaphor to visualize disciplinary evolution,this paper suggests that the contrast has conceptual,empirical,and methodological *** is,the contrast constitutes a disciplinary or“local”paradigm *** paradigm change between ecology in and ecology of represents increased complexity,moving from focus on biotic communities to holistic social-ecological systems.A third paradigm,ecology for the city,has emerged due to concern for urban *** ecology for includes the knowledge generated by both ecology in and ecology of,it considers researchers as a part of the system,and acknowledges that they may help envision and advance the social goals of urban *** urban heterogeneity as a key urban feature,the three paradigms are shown to contrast in five important ways:disciplinary focus,the relevant theory of spatial heterogeneity,the technology for representing spatial structure,the resulting classification of urban mosaics,and the nature of application to *** for the city encourages ecologists to engage with other specialists and urban dwellers to shape a more sustainable urban future.

关键词： city complexity framework interdisciplinary paradigm social-ecological system spatial heterogeneity special feature:an ecology in,of,and for the city sustainability urban ecology

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Linking science and decision making to promote an ecology for the city:practices and opportunities

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Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2016年第9期2卷 18-27页

作者： J.Morgan Grove Daniel L.Childers Michael Galvin Sarah Hines Tischa Muñoz-Erickson Erika S.Svendsen Baltimore Field Station USDA Forest ServiceBaltimoreMaryland 21228 USA School of Sustainability Arizona State UniversityTempeArizona 85287 USA Urban Field Station International Institute of Tropical ForestryUSDA Forest ServiceRío PiedrasPuerto Rico 00926-1119 USA New York city Field Station USDA Forest ServiceNew YorkNew York 10007 USA

To promote urban sustainability and resilience,there is an increasing demand for actionable science that links science and decision making based on social-ecological ***,frameworks,and practices for such actionable science are needed and have only begun to *** propose that approaches based on the co-design and co-production of knowledge can play an essential role to meet this *** the antecedents for approaches to the co-design and co-production of knowledge are decades old,the integration of science and practice to advance urban sustainability and resilience that we present is different in several *** differences include the disciplines needed,diversity and number of actors involved,and the technological infrastructures that facilitate local-to global *** this article,we discuss how the new requirements and possibilities for co-design,co-production,and practical use of social-ecological research can be used as an ecology for the city to promote urban sustainability and *** new technologies are part of the solution,traditional approaches also remain *** our urban experiences with long-term,place-based research from several ***-Term Ecological Research sites and *** of Agriculture,Forest Service Urban Field Stations,we describe a dynamic framework for linking research with *** posit that this framework,coupled with a user-defined,theory-based approach to science,is instrumental to advance both practice and ***,cities are ideal places for integrating basic science and decision making,facilitating flows of information through networks,and developing sustainable and resilient solutions and futures.

关键词： Baltimore co-design co-production ecology for cities long-term ecological research New York city Phoenix San Juan social-ecological special feature:an ecology in,of,and for the city transdisciplinary urban

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