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Dynamic spacetime: Key to the Mysteries of Dark Matter and Dark Energy

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Journal of Modern Physics 2024年第4期15卷 416-434页

作者： Tianxi Zhang Department of Physics Alabama A&M University Huntsville AL USA

Physics is a branch of science to study matter and its motion in space and time. Development of physics usually upgrades human perspective and understanding of the space and time. Einstein successfully developed special and general theories of relativity and creatively promoted our perspective of spacetime from Newton’s absolute space and time to his relative spacetime. Based on redshift and distance measurements of galaxies and distant type Ia supernovae, cosmologists have suggested that our universe is expanding at an ever-increasing rate driven by a mysterious dark energy. Recently, the author has proposed that spacetime is dynamic. spacetime is said to be absolute if it is independent of matter and motion, relative if it is affected by matter and motion, and dynamic if it mutually interacts with matter and motion. In dynamic spacetime, not only do matter and motion distort spacetime, but they are also affected by the distorted spacetime. spacetime to be dynamic is a consequence of a deep insight to Mach’s principle, which tells us that the inertia of an object results from the gravitational interaction by the rest of the universe. Reaction of dynamic spacetime on a traveling light causes light redshift. Reaction of dynamic spacetime on a fast moving neutrino slows down the neutrino. The derived redshift-distance relation perfectly explained the measurements of distant type Ia supernovae and gamma ray bursts (GRBs) and also naturally obtained Hubble’s law as an approximate relation at small redshift. This explanation of cosmological redshift as the opposition of dynamic spacetime does not mandate the universe to be expanding and accelerating, so that it does not need the universe to be initiated from a Big Bang and driven out mainly by a mysterious dark energy. Extremely slowed down neutrinos in dynamic spacetime, when they are gravitationally trapped around clusters, galaxies, and any celestial objects, would play the role of dark matter in explaining the velocity-radius relations of galaxy’s or cluster’s rot

关键词： spacetime Cosmology Redshift Neutrino Gravitation Dark Matter Dark Energy

The Essence of Gravity Is the Expansion Tendency of the Universe after the Big Bang

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Journal of Modern Physics 2024年第6期15卷 804-849页

作者： Weihong Qian School of Physics Peking University Beijing China

Why cannot Newton’s theory of gravitation be used to describe the motion of micro particles? This article summarizes and clarifies that Newton’s theory of gravitation is subjectively a statistical description for natural phenomena, while its essence is the expansion tendency of particles in the new universe formed after the orthogonal collision (the Big Bang) of objects in the old universe. The new particles formed by the Big Bang exhibit the accelerating expansion and local convergence in the spacetime of the new universe. The force of the accelerating expansion for the new particles comes from the shear stress produced by the orthogonal collision. There is only a one-way conversion from the mass in the old universe to the energy in the new universe without any exchange of information between them. Orthogonal collision forms maximum energy density and accelerates motion of new particles. The theory that orthogonal collision produces a new universe can be used to explain the phenomena of three scales. On the cosmic scale, it can explain the Big Bang, the early celestial formation, and their movements. On the macro scale, it can explain the early Earth’s surface mountain uplift and current atmospheric vortices. At the micro scale, it can explain aurora and other astronomical optical phenomena as well as the generation of new particles. The idea of orthogonal collision attempts to use shear stress and particle potential energy to find a theory of everything that can fully explain all aspects of the universe.

关键词： Universe spacetime Gravitation Orthogonal Collision Shear Stress Potential Energy

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The Unified Field

Journal of Modern Physics 2024年第7期15卷 1010-1035页

作者： Joseph H. (Cass) Forrington Managing Editor Journal of Cosmology California USA

This is a Unified Field description based on the holographic Time Dilation Cosmology, TDC, model, which is an eternal continuum evolving forward in the forward direction of time, at the speed of light, c, at an invariant 1 s/s rate of time. This is the Fundamental Direction of Evolution, FDE. There is also an evolution down time dilation gradients, the Gravitational Direction of Evolution, GDE. These evolutions are gravity, which is the evolutionary force in time. Gravitational velocities are compensation for the difference in the rate of time, dRt, in a dilation field, and the dRtis equal to the compensatory velocity’s percentage of c, and is a measure of the force in time inducing the velocity. In applied force induced velocities, the dRt is a measure of the resistance in time to the induced velocity, which might be called “anti-gravity” or “negative gravity”. The two effects keep the continuum uniformly evolving forward at c. It is demonstrated that gravity is already a part of the electromagnetic field equations in way of the dRt element contained in the TDC velocity formula. Einstein’s energy formula is defined as a velocity formula and a modified version is used for charged elementary particle solutions. A time dilation-based derivation of the Lorentz force ties gravity directly to the electromagnetic field proving the unified field of gravity and the EMF. It is noted how we could possibly create gravity drives. This is followed by a discussion of black holes, proving supermassive objects, like massive black hole singularities, are impossible, and that black holes are massless Magnetospheric Eternally Collapsing Objects (MECOs) that are vortices in spacetime. .

关键词： Unified Field Gravity Anti-Gravity Astrophysics Einstein General Relativity Special Relativity Galactic Rotation Velocities Time Dilation spacetime Space Time spacetime Continuum Quantum Continuum MECO Black Hole Event Horizon Timelike Spacelike Lightlike

Exact Solution of a(2+1)-Dimensional Anisotropic Star in Finch and Skea spacetime

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Communications in Theoretical Physics 2014年第8期61卷 221-226页

作者： Piyali Bhar Farook Rahaman Ritabrata Biswas Hafiza Ismat Fatima Department of Mathematics Jadavpur University Department of Mathematics besus howrah india Department of Mathematics Govt. Degree College (W) Warburton nankana sahib pakistan

We provide a new class of interior solution of a(2+1)-dimensional anisotropic star in Finch and Skea spacetime corresponding to the BTZ black hole. We develop the model by considering the MIT bag model EOS and a particular ansatz for the metric function grrproposed by Finch and Skea [M.R. Finch and J.E.F. Skea, Class. Quantum.Grav. 6(1989) 467]. Our model is free from central singularity and satisfies all the physical requirements for the acceptability of the model.

关键词： (2+1)-dimensional anisotropic star Finch and Skea spacetime

Surface Gravity on the Horizon of η- ξ spacetime

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Chinese Physics Letters 2005年第9期22卷 2154-2156页

作者：李子敬桂元星张素红余虹 Department of Physics Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024

We investigate the two methods of defining the surface gravity ,κ on the horizon, which are the metric definition and the definition given by the spacetime conformal method. It is found that the latter is of greater generality. By this method, we find that ,κ of η- ξ spacetime is equal to the exponent factor α in the coordinate transformation, which confirms the argument that η- ξ spacetime can be considered as the background spacetime for finitetemperature field theories. The reasons why the metric definition of ,κ can not be applied in η- ξ spacetime are presented.

关键词： spacetime horizon Suface

A Novel spacetime Collocation Meshless Method for Solving Two- Dimensional Backward Heat Conduction Problems

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2019年第1期118卷 229-252页

作者： Chihyu Liu Chengyu Ku Jingen Xiao Weichung Yeih Department of Harbor and River Engineering National Taiwan Ocean UniversityKeelung20224Taiwan Center of Excellence for Ocean Engineering National Taiwan Ocean UniversityKeelung20224Taiwan.

In this article,a meshless method using the spacetime collocation for solving the two-dimensional backward heat conduction problem(BHCP)is proposed.The spacetime collocation meshless method(SCMM)is to derive the general solutions as the basis functions for the two-dimensional transient heat equation using the separation of variables.Numerical solutions of the heat conduction problem are expressed as a series using the addition theorem.Because the basis functions are the general solutions of the governing equation,the boundary points may be collocated on the spacetime boundary of the domain.The proposed method is verified by conducting several heat conduction problems.We also carry out numerical applications to compare the SCMM with other meshless methods.The results show that the SCMM is accurate and efficient.Furthermore,it is found that the recovered boundary data on inaccessible boundary can be obtained with high accuracy even though the over specified data are provided only at a 1/6 portion of the spacetime boundary.

关键词： spacetime collocation meshless method backward heat conduction problem basis functions.

Quantum statistical entropy corresponding to cosmic horizon in five-dimensional spacetime

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2008年第2期51卷 140-146页

作者： ZHAO Ren1,2 & ZHANG ShengLi1 1 Department of Applied Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China 2 Department of Physics, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China Department of Applied Physics Xi’an Jiaotong University Xi’an China Department of Physics Shanxi Datong University Datong China

The generalized uncertainty relation is introduced to calculate the quantum statis-tical entropy corresponding to cosmic horizon. By using the new equation of state density motivated by the generalized uncertainty relation, we discuss entropies of Bose field and Fermi field on the background of five-dimensional spacetime. In our calculation, we need not introduce cutoff. There is no divergent logarithmic term in the original brick-wall method. And it is obtained that the quantum statistical en-tropy corresponding to cosmic horizon is proportional to the area of the horizon. Further it is shown that the entropy corresponding to cosmic horizon is the entropy of quantum state on the surface of horizon. The black hole's entropy is the intrinsic property of the black hole. The entropy is a quantum effect. In our calculation, by using the quantum statistical method, we obtain the partition function of Bose field and Fermi field on the background of five-dimensional spacetime. We provide a way to study the quantum statistical entropy corresponding to cosmic horizon in the higher-dimensional spacetime.

关键词： quantum statistical entropy generalized uncertainty relation high-dimensional spacetime

Atomic spacetime Model Based on Atomic AString Functions

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2022年第9期10卷 2604-2631页

作者： Sergei Yurievich Eremenko National Aerospace University “Kharkiv Aviation Institute” Kharkiv Ukraine Soliton Scientific Sydney Australia

A novel model of spacetime and fields atomization based on Atomic Series over finite Atomic AString Functions is offered. Formulated Atomization Theorems allow representing polynomials, analytic functions, and solutions of field equations including General Relativity via superposition of solitonic atoms which can be associated with flexible spacetime quantum, metriants, or elementary distortions. spacetime is conceptualized as a lattice of flexible Atomic Solitons adjusting locations to reproduce different metrics and other physical fields. It may offer the variants of unified field theory based on Atomic Solitons where, like in string theory, fields become interconnected having a common mathematical ancestor.

关键词： spacetime Quantum Atomic Function AString Soliton Metriant Unified Theory

Quantum Entanglement Could Be the Result of Leptons, Quarks and Photons Simultaneously Experiencing 4-D Space as (3 + 1)-D spacetime

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现代物理(英文) 2023年第11期14卷 1382-1391页

作者： Franklin Potter Sciencegems 8642 Marvale Drive Huntington Beach CA USA

We propose that quantum entanglement occurs because the fundamental particles, such as electrons, quarks, and photons, simultaneously experience both the 4th real spatial dimension in R4 as well as the time dimension in (3 + 1)-D spacetime. Consequently, the entangled particles can never become separated in the 4th spatial dimension no matter how far they have moved apart in the other 3 spatial dimensions. Because the quark and lepton families represent specific different discrete symmetry binary subgroups of SU(2), we can establish that the quantum states of the fundamental particles are defined in 4 spatial dimensions, so there is then no need for a spacetime communication from one detector (or particle) to inform the other detector (or particle) of the physical state of the first detected entangled particle. A clever experiment needs to determine whether the fundamental particles actually experience a 4th spatial dimension, and if so, whether they experience the 4th spatial dimension as the time dimension simultaneously. Apparently, if a Casimir-like test reveals that virtual particles have a non-zero mass, there are claims that a 4th spatial dimension does not exist.

关键词： Quantum Entanglement Four Dimensions Particle Physics spacetime