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From foredeep to orogenic wedge-top: The Cretaceous songliao retroforeland basin, China

Geoscience Frontiers 2023年第3期14卷 65-73页

作者： Zhiqiang Feng Stephan A.Graham Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute SINOPECNo.197 Baisha Rd.Beijing 112206China Department of Geological Sciences Stanford UniversityStanfordCA 94305USA

Songliao Basin,the largest Mesozoic intracontinental nonmarine basin in eastern China,initiated during the latest Jurassic as a backarc extensional basin;rifting failed and thermal cooling controlled subsidence through the early Late Cretaceous.Integrating 2-D and 3D reflection seismic and borehole data with regional geological studies,we interpret sedimentary sequence and structural patterns of the Coniacian-Maastrichtian fill of Songliao Basin as defining a retroforeland basin system developed after 88 Ma(marked by the T11 unconformity in the basin),including(1)significant increase in the thickness of the Nenjiang Formation eastward towards orogenic highlands of the Zhangguangcai Range and the convergent continental margin;(2)a shift of detrital provenance in the basin from north to southeast;and(3)propagation of E-W shortened structures,increasing eastward in amplitude,frequency,and degree of inversion toward the orogen.During latest Cretaceous,foreland basin fill progressively deformed,as the foredeep evolved to a wedge-top tectonic setting,marked by the basin-wide T04 unconformity within the upper Nenjiang Formation at 81.6 Ma.Much of the basin was brought into the orogenic wedge and eroded by the end of the Cretaceous.Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous backarc rifting of uncratonized basement comprised of accreted terranes likely facilitated and localized the foreland.Synrift normal faults reactivated and extensively inverted as thrust faults are prominent in the eastern 1/3 of the basin,whereas folds developed above detachments in shaley early post-rift strata dominate the western 2/3 of the basin.songliao foreland development likely was driven by changing plate dynamics and collision along the Pacific margin after 88 Ma.

关键词： Retroforeland basin Intracontinental basin Seismic reflection and borehole data Lithospheric plate dynamics Songliao Basin

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Rare earth elemental and Sr isotopic evidence for seawater intrusion event of the Songliao Basin 91 million years ago

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Petroleum Science 2023年第3期20卷 1347-1362页

作者： Yu-Ke Liu Hua-jian Wang Jin-You Zhang Zhen-Wu Liu Fa-Zi Chen Xiao-Mei Wang Shui-Chang Zhang He Liu Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing100083China Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry China National Petroleum CorporationBeijing100083China Daqing Oil Field Company China National Petroleum CorporationDaqingHeilongjiang163000China School of Ocean Sciences China University of GeosciencesBejing100083China

Petrogenesis of lacustrine dolostone is closely related with paleo-lake water conditions.Here we report the high spatial-resolution petrographic and geochemical results of a lacustrine dolomite nodule from the Qingshankou Formation,the Songliao Basin.Sedimentary and elemental signatures confirm the protogenetic origin of this nodule and its effectiveness in recording geochemical characteristics of paleo-lake water during dolomitization.The low Y/Ho ratios,middle rare earth element(MREE)enrichment and subtle positive Eu anomalies within the nodule indicate a fresh water source.However,the Sr isotope values in the core of the nodule(0.7076-0.7080)are close to contemporaneous seawater(0.7074),yet different from the modern river(0.7120)and the host black shale(0.7100).On the premise of excluding the influence of hydrothermal fluids,the significantly low strontium isotope values of the lacustrine dolomite might be caused by seawater interference during dolomitization.Our findings demonstrate that lacustrine dolomite within black shales is not only a faithful tracer of diagenetic water environment,but also a novel and easily identified mineralogical evidence for episodic seawater intrusion event(91 Ma)in the Songliao Basin,which supplements other paleontological and geochemical evidence.

关键词： Songliao Basin Lacustrine dolostone Seawater intrusion Rare earth elements Strontium isotope

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Evolution features of in-situ permeability of low-maturity shale with the increasing temperature,Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation,northern Songliao Basin,NE China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2022年第3期49卷 516-529页

作者： HE Wenyuan MENG Qi'an LIN Tiefeng WANG Rui LIU Xin MA Shengming LI Xin YANG Fan SUN Guoxin Daqing Oilfield Co.Ltd. PetroChinaDaqing 163712China Exploration and Development Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Co.Ltd. Daqing 163712China Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Shale Oil&Tight Oil Accumulation Daqing 163712China

Temperature-triaxial pressure permeability testing at the axial pressure of 8 MPa and confining pressure of 10 MPa,closed shale system pyrolysis experiment by electrical heating and scanning electron microscopy analysis are used to study the evolution mechanism of in-situ permeability in the direction parallel to bedding of low-maturity shale from Member 2(K_(2)n_(2))of Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation in northern Songliao Basin with mainly Type I kerogen under the effect of temperature.With the increasing temperature,the in-situ permeability presents a peak-valley-peak tendency.The lowest value of in-situ permeability occurs at 375℃.Under the same temperature,the in-situ permeability decreases with the increase of pore pressure.The in-situ permeability evolution of low-maturity shale can be divided into 5 stages:(1)From 25℃to 300℃,thermal cracking and dehydration of clay minerals improve the permeability.However,the value of permeability is less than 0.01×10^(-3)μm^(2).(2)From 300℃to 350℃,organic matter pyrolysis and hydrocarbon expulsion result in mineral intergranular pores and micron pore-fractures,these pores and fractures form an interconnected pore network at limited scale,improving the permeability.But the liquid hydrocarbon,with high content of viscous asphaltene,is more difficult to move under stress and more likely to retain in pores,causing slow rise of the permeability.(3)From 350℃to 375℃,pores are formed by organic matter pyrolysis,but the adsorption swelling of liquid hydrocarbon and additional expansion thermal stress constrained by surrounding stress compress the pore-fracture space,making liquid hydrocarbon difficult to expel and permeability reduce rapidly.(4)From 375℃to 450℃,the interconnected pore network between different mineral particles after organic matter conversion,enlarged pores and transformation of clay minerals promote the permeability to increase constantly even under stress constraints.(5)From 450℃to 500℃,the stable pore system and crossed fracture system in different bedding direct

关键词： Songliao Basin Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation low-maturity shale in-situ conversion pore-fracture structure in-situ permeability shale oil

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Pore Connectivity of Deep Lacustrine Shale and its Effect on Gas-bearing Characteristics in the Songliao Basin:Implications from Continental Scientific Drilling

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2023年第5期97卷 1503-1522页

作者： HAN Shuangbiao HUANG Jie WANG Chengshan CUI Jiayi College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering China University of Mining and TechnologyBeijing 100083China State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China

The lacustrine shale of deep Shahezi Formation in the Songliao Basin has great gas potential,but its pore evolution,heterogeneity,and connectivity characteristics remain unclear.In this work,total organic carbon analysis,rock pyrolysis,X-ray diffraction field emission scanning electron microscopy,the particle and crack analysis system software,low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiment,fractal theory,high-pressure mercury injection experiment and nuclear magnetic resonance experiment were used to study the Shahezi shale from Well SK-2.The result indicated that the organic pores in Shahezi shale are not developed,and the intergranular and intragranular pores are mainly formed by illitedominated clay.As the burial depth increases,the pore size and slit-shaped pores formed by clay decrease,and dissolved pores in the feldspar and carbonate minerals and dissolved fractures in the quartz increase.The pore evolution is affected by clay,compaction,and high-temperature corrosion.Based on the pore structure characteristics reflected by the pore size distribution and pore structure parameters obtained by multiple experimental methods,the pore development and evolution are divided into three stages.During stageⅠandⅡ,the pore heterogeneity of the shale reservoirs increases with the depth,the physical properties and pore connectivity deteriorate,but the gas-bearing property is good.In stageⅢ,the pore heterogeneity is the highest,its gas generation and storage capacity are low,but the increase of micro-fractures makes pore connectivity and gas-bearing better.

关键词： pore evolution pore connectivity gas-bearing deep shale Songliao Basin

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Roles of Multisourced Fluids in the Formation of Sandstone-Hosted Uranium Deposits in the SW Songliao Basin, NE China

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Journal of Earth Science 2023年第1期34卷 54-69页

作者： Zhibing Feng Fengjun Nie Li Jiang Fei Xia Jianfang Cai Bocheng Zhang Yayun Lu Liangliang Zhang State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment East China University of TechnologyNanchang330013China Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory on Radioactive Geoscience and Big Data Technology East China University of TechnologyNanchang330013China Radioactive Geology and Exploration Technology Laboratory East China University of TechnologyNanchang330013China No.243 Geological Party China National Nuclear CorporationChifeng024000China Airborne Survey and Remote Sensing Center of Nuclear Industry China National Nuclear CorporationShijiazhuang050002China

The sandstone-hosted uranium deposits in the SW Songliao Basin differ from typical sandstone-hosted uranium deposits in terms of the geological features of the ore-deposits,including the geometry of the orebodies,mineral assemblage and petrography.Detailed drill core and microscopic observations,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),electron microprobe analysis(EMPA),heavy mineral concentrates,and fluid inclusion studies of the Upper Cretaceous Yaojia Formation,i.e.,the uranium-bearing layer,were integrated to investigate the roles of hydrothermal fluids in the formation of these uranium deposits.We found that the kaolinite alteration is developed in the mineralized zones,but it is less common in the peripheral areas.The fluid inclusions are hydrothermal fluids with a medium-low temperature(67 to 179 ℃) and a high salinity(5.9 wt.% to 20.1 wt.%).According to the analyses,three kinds of hydrothermal fluids,i.e.,the acid fluid,the groundwater heated by the mafic magma,and the alkaline fluid rich in Ca^(2+) and CO_(3)^(2-),were identified.The fluids might have low U content,but they have participated in the formation of the uranium deposits successively.Kaolinite formed by the acid-hydrothermal fluid absorbed large amounts of uranium.Subsequently,the thermal energy from the hydrothermal fluids changed the intrastratal redox environment and increased the solubility of the uranium minerals in the fluid.The alkaline-hydrothermal fluid rich in Ca^(2+) and C0_(3)^(2-) facilitated the formation of stable Ca-U(Ⅵ)-CO_(3) complex,which led to the enrichment of soluble uranium in solution,and final precipitation as pitchblende,brannerite and Ti-bearing uranium minerals in the uranium ores.

关键词： sandstone-hosted uranium deposit hydrothermal fluid uranium mineralization Songliao Basin kaolinite carbonate minerals

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Geochemistry and origins of hydrogen-containing natural gases in deep Songliao Basin, China: Insights from continental scienti fi c drilling

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PETROLEUM SCIENCE 2024年第2期21卷 741-751页

作者： Han, Shuang-Biao Xiang, Chao -Han Du, Xin Xie, Lin-Feng Huang, Jie Wang, Cheng-Shan China Univ Min & Technol Coll Geosci & Surveying Engn Beijing 100083 Peoples R China China Univ Geosci State Key Lab Biogeol & Environm Geol Beijing 100083 Peoples R China

The different reservoirs in deep Songliao Basin have non -homogeneous lithologies and include multiple layers with a high content of hydrogen gas. The gas composition and stable isotope characteristics vary signi ficantly, but the origin analysis of different gas types has previously been weak. Based on the geochemical parameters of gas samples from different depths and the analysis of geological settings, this research covers the diverse origins of natural gas in different strata. The gas components are mainly methane with a small amount of C 2 & thorn; , and non -hydrocarbon gases, including nitrogen (N 2 ), hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and helium (He). At greater depth, the carbon isotope of methane becomes heavier, and the hydrogen isotope points to a lacustrine sedimentary environment. With increasing depth, the origins of N 2 and CO 2 change gradually from a mixture of organic and inorganic to inorganic. The origins of hydrogen gas are complex and include organic sources, water radiolysis, water -rock (Fe 2 & thorn; - containing minerals) reactions, and mantle -derived. The shales of Denglouku and Shahezi Formations, as source rocks, provide the premise for generation and occurrence of organic gas. Furthermore, the deep faults and fluid activities in Basement Formation control the generation and migration of mantle -derived gas. The discovery of a high content of H 2 in study area not only reveals the organic and inorganic association of natural-gas generation, but also provides a scienti fic basis for the exploration of deep hydrogen -rich gas. (c) 2023 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY -NC -ND license (http://***/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 4.0/).

关键词： Gas compositions Stable isotopes Gas origins Hydrogen gas Songliao Basin SHALE GAS DEPRESSION DISCOVERY BOREHOLE METHANE ENERGY CARBON

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Shale oil enrichment evaluation and production law in Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin,NE China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第3期50卷 505-519页

作者： SUN Longde CUI Baowen ZHU Rukai WANG Rui FENG Zihui LI Binhui ZHANG Jingya GAO Bo WANG Qingzhen ZENG Huasen LIAO Yuanhui JIANG Hangl National Key Laboratory for Multi-resource Collaborated Green Development of Contionental Shale Oil Daqing 163712China China National Petroleum Corporation Beijing 100007China PetroChina Daqing Oilfield Co. Ltd.Daqing 163712China PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China

Based on the results of drilling,tests and simulation experiments,the shales of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Gulong Sag of the Songliao Basin are discussed with respect to hydrocarbon generation evolution,shale oil occurrence,and pore/fracture evolution mechanism.In conjunction with a substantial amount of oil testing and production data,the Gulong shale oil enrichment layers are evaluated and the production behaviors and decline law are analyzed.The results are drawn in four aspects.First,the Gulong shales are in the stage of extensive hydrocarbon expulsion when R_(0) is 1.0%-1.2%,with the peak hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of 49.5%approximately.In the low-medium maturity stage,shale oil migrates from kerogen to rocks and organic pores/fractures.In the medium-high maturity stage,shale oil transforms from adsorbed state to free state.Second,the clay mineral intergranular pores/fractures,dissolution pores,and organic pores make up the majority of the pore structure.During the transformation,clay minerals undergo significant intergranular pore/fracture development between the minerals such as illite and illite/smectite mixed layer.A network of pores/fractures is formed by organic matter cracking.Third,free hydrocarbon content,effective porosity,total porosity,and brittle mineral content are the core indicators for the evaluation of shale oil enrichment layers.Class-I layers are defined as free hydrocarbon content equal or greater than 6.0 mg/g,effective porosity equal or greater than 3.5%,total porosity equal or greater than 8.0%,and brittle mineral content equal or greater than 50%.It is believed that the favourable oil layers are Q2-Q3 and Q8-Q9.Fourth,the horizontal wells in the core area of the light oil zone exhibit a high cumulative production in the first year,and present a hyperbolic production decline pattern,with the decline index of 0.85-0.95,the first-year decline rate of 14.5%-26.5%,and the single-well estimated ultimate recovery(EUR)greater than 2.0×10^(4)t.In practical exploration a

关键词： Songliao Basin Gulong shale oil Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation hydrocarbon generation and expulsion reservoir pore type pore/fracture formation mechanism enrichment layer evaluation production decline law

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Controlling factors for oil production in continental shales:A case study of Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in Songliao Basin

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Petroleum Research 2023年第2期8卷 183-191页

作者： Bo Zhou Yuxiang Xiao Zhengdong Lei Rui Wang Shuiqing Hu Xiulin Hou PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing100083China Exploration and Development Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Co. Ltd.Daqing163712China

Continental shale oil is widely distributed in the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of the Songliao Basin in Northeast China.In the Qijia-Gulong sag and the Changling sag in the Songliao Basin,breakthroughs of shale oil exploration and development have been made in the first and second members of the Qingshankou Formation,and several wells represented byWell GYYP1 have achieved high and stable shale oil production.However,some horizontal wells in shale oil development pilot test(Well groups A and D)were characterized by low shale oil production,high flowback rate and rapid production decline.Therefore,controlling factors of the shale oil production were investigated.The results show that shale oil enrichment area and optimal sweet spots are fundamental for high shale oil production,improving horizontal length and drilling ratio of sweet spots is a technical guarantee for enhancing shale oil production of single well,and artificial fracture network(incl.scale,complexity,and coupling with preexisting geological bodies)created by fracturing is a direct factor for controlling the shale oil production.For subsequent exploration and development of the shale oil,the heterogeneity of sweet spot distribution should be carefully considered,the shale oil enrichment areas and optimal sweet spots also need be optimized,and the wellbore trajectory control and fine geological modeling techniques should be figured out.Moreover,the fracturing techniques suitable for the shale with high clay mineral content and weak brittleness should be developed,and the personalized and differentiated staged fracturing also needs to be performed,to effectively enhance single-well shale oil production and estimated ultimate recovery.

关键词： Continental shale Shale oil production Heterogeneity Drilling ratio of sweet spot Fracture network Qingshankou formation Songliao Basin

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Practice and development suggestions of hydraulic fracturing technology in the Gulong shale oil reservoirs of Songliao Basin, NE China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第3期50卷 688-698页

作者： LIU He HUANG Youquan CAI Meng MENG Siwei TAO Jiaping PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China PetroChina Daqing Oilfield Co. Ltd.Daqing 163002China

This paper reviews the multiple rounds of upgrades of the hydraulic fracturing technology used in the Gulong shale oil reservoirs and gives suggestions about stimulation technology development in relation to the production performance of Gulong shale oil wells.Under the control of high-density bedding fractures,fracturing in the Gulong shale results in a complex fracture morphology,yet with highly suppressed fracture height and length.Hydraulic fracturing fails to generate artificial fractures with sufficient lengths and heights,which is a main restraint on the effective stimulation in the Gulong shale oil reservoirs.In this regard,the fracturing design shall follow the strategy of"controlling near-wellbore complex fractures and maximizing the extension of main fractures"Increasing the proportions of guar gum fracturing fluids,reducing perforation clusters within one fracturing stage,raising pump rates and appropriately exploiting stress interference are conducive to fracture propagation and lead to a considerably expanded stimulated reservoir volume(SRV).The upgraded main hydraulic fracturing technology is much more applicable to the Gulong shale oil reservoirs.It accelerates the oil production with a low flowback rate and lifts oil cut during the initial production of well groups,which both help to improve well production.It is suggested to optimize the hydraulic fracturing technology in six aspects,namely,suppressing propagation of near-wellbore microfractures,improving the pumping scheme of CO_(2),managing the perforating density,enhancing multi-proppant combination,reviewing well pattern/spacing,and discreetly applying fiber-assisted injection,so as to improve the SRv,the distal fracture complexity and the long-term fracture conductivity.

关键词： continental shale oil Songliao Basin Gulong shale oil horizontal well hydraulic fracturing reservoir stimulation stimulated reservoir volume

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Petroleum exploration breakthrough and geological significance in Cretaceous Yingcheng and Denglouku formations of Shuangcheng area, northern Songliao Basin, NE China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第1期50卷 72-84页

作者： LIU Chao FU Xiaofei LI Yangcheng WANG Haixue SUN Lidong LU Jiamin LI Junhui SUN Youhai SHI Lidong HU Huiting YUAN Hongqi YANG Zicheng Northeast Petroleum University Daqing 163318China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Continental Shale Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Efficient Development Northeast Petroleum UniversityDaqing 163318China PetroChina Daqing Oilfield Company Ltd. Daqing 163712China

Based on drilling geological,geochemical,geophysical and production test data,the characteristics of source rocks,reservoir rocks and caprocks,as well as the process of hydrocarbon generation,trap evolution and oil accumulation of the oil-bearing assemblage composed of the Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation(K1yc)and Denglouku Formation(K1d)in the Shuangcheng area,northern Songliao Basin,NE China,were analyzed by using the research methods for petroleum systems.The source rocks mainly exist in K1yc,with the organic matters mainly originated from lower aquatic organisms and algae,and reaching the grade of high-quality source rock in terms of organic abundance.The crude oil,which is characterized by low density,high freezing point and high wax content,is believed to have generated by the K1yc source rocks.The reservoir rocks include K1d sandstones and K1yc glutenites.The mudstone in the fourth member of K1d serves as the direct caprock of the oil reservoir.The oil was generated during the period between Yaojia Formation and Nenjiang Formation,and then accumulated during the periods of Nenjiang Formation and Paleogene–Neogene.The traps evolved in three stages:the late Yingcheng Formation,the late Quantou Formation and the late Nenjiang Formation,forming structural and structural-lithologic reservoirs.It is concluded that good source-reservoir-caprock assemblage,late hydrocarbon charging,short migration distance and stable tectonic setting are favorable factors for the formation of oil reservoirs.

关键词： petroleum system Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation Cretaceous Denglouku Formation source rock reservoir oil accumulation Shuangcheng area Songliao Basin

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