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Male and female guppies differ in problem-solving abilities

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Current Zoology 2020年第1期66卷 83-90页

作者： Tyrone LUCON-XICCATO Elia GATTO Angelo BISAZZA Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology University of FerraraFerraraItaly Department of General Psychology University of PadovaPadovaItaly

In a number of species,males and females have different ecological roles and therefore might be required to solve different *** on humans have suggested that the 2 sexes often show different efficiencies in problem solving tasks;similarly,evidence of sex differences has been found in 2 other mammalian ***,we assessed whether a teleost fish species,the *** reticulata,displays sex differences in the ability to solve *** Experiment 1,guppies had to learn to dislodge a disc that occluded a feeder from which they had been previously accustomed to *** Experiment 2,guppies had to solve a version of the detour task that required them to learn to enter a transparent cylinder from the open sides to reach a food reward previously freely *** found evidence of sex differences in both problem-solvingi *** Experiment 1,females clearly outperformed males,and in Experiment 2,guppies showed a reversed but smaller sex *** study indicates that sex differences may play an important role in fish's problem-solving similar to what has previously been observed in some mammalian species.

关键词： fish cognition individual differences learning abilities problem solving sex differences

An　ADI　technique　for　solving　three-dimensional　coastal　circulation

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 1997年第3期16卷 281-302页

作者： Lianwu Y. Ozer J. Institute of Marine Environmental Protection State Oceanic Administration P.O.Box 303 Dalian 116023 China Management Unit Mathematical Models of the North Sea Gulledelle 100 1200 Brussels Belgium

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关键词： ADI technique three-dimensional coastal solving An circulation

A Remark on solving the Set-Partitioning Problem by Dual All Integer Algorithm

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Systems Science and Systems Engineering 1998年第3期8卷 107-111页

作者： Kakuzo Iwamura, Youzou Deguchi, and Norio Okada Mathematics,Josai University,Sakado, Saitama 350 02 , Japan

Abstract A careful consideration when one solves the set partitioning problem by dual all integer algorithm is presented. It saves both computing time and memory size.

关键词： Dual Problem Remark solving Algorithm

NEW　APPROACH　FOR　solving　RESTRICTED　TORSION　PROBLEMS

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 1997年第3期10卷 227-231页

作者： ( )

Thereciprocaltheoremmethod(RTM)******,***-lationshowthatthemethodissimple,***　theorem　method,Restricted　torsion,Recta

关键词：功的互等定理 APPROACH NEW solving PROBLEMS TORSION RESTRICTED 悬臂矩形板挠曲面方程

The Continuous Analogy of Newton’s Method for solving a System of Linear Algebraic Equations

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Applied Mathematics 2013年第1期4卷 210-216页

作者： Tugal Zhanlav Ochbadrakh Chuluunbaatar Gantumur Ankhbayar School of Mathematics and Computer Science National University of Mongolia Ulan-Bator Mongolia School of Mathematics and Computer Science National University of Mongolia Ulan-Bator Mongolia&Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna Moscow region Russia

We propose a continuous analogy of Newton’s method with inner iteration for solving a system of linear algebraic equations. Implementation of inner iterations is carried out in two ways. The former is to fix the number of inner iterations in advance. The latter is to use the inexact Newton method for solution of the linear system of equations that arises at each stage of outer iterations. We give some new choices of iteration parameter and of forcing term, that ensure the convergence of iterations. The performance and efficiency of the proposed iteration is illustrated by numerical examples that represent a wide range of typical systems.

关键词： Continuous Analogy of Newton’s Method solving the System of Linear Algebraic Equations Convergence Choice of Iteration Parameter

Use of Analogy by Public Health Nurses in Problem solving for Individual Consultations in Japan: A Multiple Case Study

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Open Journal of Nursing 2017年第3期7卷 345-360页

作者： Masako Kageyama Taeko Shimazu Atsuko Taguchi Satoko Nagata Kathy Magilvy Area of Integrated Health and Nursing Science Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Japan National College of Nursing Kiyose Japan Department of Public Health Nursing Division of Health Sciences Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Sendai Japan Department of Community Health Nursing Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan University of Colorado College of Nursing Denver USA

Aim: Nurses must develop good problem-solving skills (PSS) to work in the complex health care environment. This study explored PHNs’ use of analogy in PSS development. The purposes of the study were to clarify how PSS developed in one area (i.e., mental health) could be applied to another area (i.e., maternal health) and whether new PSS could develop in response to PSS gained in another area. Methods: A multiple case study was conducted using interviews. We interviewed 27 consultations from eight Japanese PHNs who consulted in mental health departments before transferring to maternal health departments. The data on how PHNs applied PSS in the selection, mapping, evaluation, and learning stages of the analogy process were extracted from transcribed interviewed data and compared. Results: PHNs provided 59 PSS used in 27 consultations. All PHNs applied past mental health PSS to solve new problems in maternal health. They tended to select past PSS based on structural similarity and to apply PSS via low-level abstraction in serious situations or preventively to avoid causing the current situation to worsen. Notably, PHNs developed maternal health PSS by using past mental health PSS;these new PSS were derived through analogy from various failures and successes. Conclusions: PSS developed in one area can be applied in another area, and new PSS can develop through applying these previous PSS. Identification of structural similarities and preventive analogies must be included in nursing education, especially for nurses working in public health fields.

关键词： Analogy Consultation Nursing Education Problem solving Public Health Nurse

Post Secondary Students’ Level of Proficiency in solving Real World Problems in Mathematics

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2018年第1期6卷 198-214页

作者： Lorinda E. Pascual Anthony B. San Pedro College of Engineering Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology Cabanatuan City Philippines Department of Public Administration Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology Cabanatuan City Philippines

The problem solving competency is the primary goal in all mathematics education curricula. It is acquired by solving mathematical problems belonging either to routine or non-routine category. The study describes the post-secondary students’ levels of proficiency in solving non-routine math problems. The three-stage process in solving mathematics problems by Mayer was used as the frame of analysis. Using the data generated from researcher made instruments, and semi-structured interview of 50 purposively selected participants, the study found that: Majority of the participants showed “good proficiency” in “problem representation” and “problem solving”, the real world problems in Math. It is also revealed that those who are good in problem representation phase are also good in problem solution phase. In general, participants do not always consider answer verification phase as important in the process of solving real world problems in math. The most common difficulties encountered by participants are: language inadequacy and unfamiliarity with the context of the problems. The researchers recommended that the same study be done in some other context and local and if the results are consistent with this study, may consider redesigning new curriculum in post-secondary mathematics education.

关键词： Mathematics Post-Secondary Students Problem solving

Thinking Fast and Slow in Computer Problem solving

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Journal of Software Engineering and Applications 2017年第1期10卷 11-40页

作者： Maria Csernoch Faculty of Informatics University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary

Research in spreadsheet management proved that the overuse of slow thinking, rather than fast thinking, is the primary source of erroneous end-user computing. However, we found that the reality is not that simple. To view end-user computing in its full complexity, we launched a project to investigate end-user education, training, support, activities, and computer problem solving. In this project we also set up the base and mathability-extended typology of computer problem solving approaches, where quantitative values are assigned to the different problem solving methods and activities. In this paper we present the results of our analyses of teaching materials collected in different languages from all over the world and our findings considering the different problem solving approaches, set in the frame of different thinking modes, the characteristics of expert teachers, and the meaning system model of teaching approaches. Based on our research, we argue that the proportions of fast and slow thinking and most importantly their manifestation are responsible for erroneous end-user activities. Applying the five-point mathability scale of computer problem solving, we recognized slow thinking activities on both tails and one fast thinking approach between them. The low mathability slow thinking activities, where surface navigation and language details are focused on, are widely accepted in end-user computing. The high mathability slow thinking problem solving activities, where the utilization of concept based approaches and schema construction take place, is hardly detectable in end-user activities. Instead of building up knowledge which requires slow thinking and then using the tools with fast thinking, end-users use up their slow thinking in aimless wandering in huge programs, making wrong decisions based on their untrained, clueless intuition, and distributing erroneous end-user documents. We also found that the dominance of low mathability slow thinking activities has

关键词： Computer Problem solving End-User Computing Teaching Materials Mathability Meaning System Model Expert Teachers

Kolmogorov entropy changes and cortical lateralization during complex problem solving task measured with EEG

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Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2009年第8期2卷 661-664页

作者： Lian-Yi Zhang 不详

The objective is to study changes in EEG time-domain Kolmogorov entropy and cortical lateralization of brain function areas during complex problem solving mental task in healthy human subjects. EEG data for healthy subjects are acquired during complex problem solving mental task using a net of 6 electrodes. The subject was given a nontrivial multiplication problem to solve and the signals were recorded for 10s during the task. Kolmogorov entropy values during the task were calculated. It was found that Kolmogorov entropy values were obviously greater in P4 channel (right) than ones in P3 channel (left) during complex problem solving task. It indicated that all subjects presented significant left parietal lateralization for the total frequency spectrum. These results suggest that it may be possible to noninvasively lateralize, and even eventually localize, cerebral regions essential for particular mental tasks from scalp EEG data.

关键词： Wada Test Cortical Lateralization EEG Brain Function Area Complex Problem solving