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WCM-WTrA: A Cross-Project Defect Prediction Method Based on Feature Selection and Distance-Weight Transfer Learning

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Chinese Journal of Electronics 2022年第2期31卷 354-366页

作者： LEI Tianwei XUE Jingfeng WANG Yong NIU Zequn SHI Zhiwei ZHANG Yu School of Computer Science and Technology Beijing Institute of Technology China Information Technology Security Evaluation Center School of Electrical and Information Engineering Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture

Cross-project defect prediction is a hot topic in the field of defect prediction. How to reduce the difference between projects and make the model have better accuracy is the core problem. This paper starts from two perspectives: feature selection and distance-weight instance transfer. We reduce the differences between projects from the perspective of feature engineering and introduce the transfer learning technology to construct a cross-project defect prediction model WCM-WTrA and multi-source model Multi-WCM-WTrA. We have tested on AEEEM and ReLink datasets, and the results show that our method has an average improvement of 23%compared with TCA+ algorithm on AEEEM datasets,and an average improvement of 5% on ReLink datasets.

关键词： feature engineering cross-project defect prediction software defect prediction project management feature selection learning (artificial intelligence) software maintenance WCM-WTrA distance-weight transfer learning software quality distance-weight instance transfer multisource model MultiWCM-WTrA

Towards characterizing bug fixes through dependency-level changes in Apache Java open source projects

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2022年第7期65卷 102-120页

作者： Di CUI Lingling FAN Sen CHEN Yuanfang CAI Qinghua ZHENG Yang LIU Ting LIU School of Computer Science and Technology Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Cyber Science Nankai University College of Intelligence and Computing Tianjin University Department of Computer Science Drexel University School of Computer Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University School of Cyber Science and Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University

The complexity and diversity of bug fixes require developers to understand bug fixes from multiple perspectives in addition to fine-grained code changes. The dependencies among files in a software system are an important dimension to inform software quality. Recent studies have revealed that most bug-prone files are always architecturally connected with dependencies, and as one of the best practices in the industry,changes in dependencies should be avoided or carefully made during bug fixing. Hence, in this paper, we take the first attempt to understand bug fixes from the dependencies perspective, which can complement existing code change perspectives. Based on this new perspective, we conducted a systematic and comprehensive study on bug fixes collected from 157 Apache open source projects, involving 140456 bug reports and182621 bug fixes in total. Our study results show that a relatively high proportion of bug fixes(30%) introduce dependency-level changes when fixing the corresponding 33% bugs. The bugs, whose fixes introduce dependency-level changes, have a strong correlation with high priority, large fixing churn, long fixing time,frequent bug reopening, and bug inducing. More importantly, patched files with dependency-level changes in their fixes, consume much more maintenance costs compared with those without these changes. We further summarized three representative patch patterns to explain the reasons for the increasing costs. Our study unveils useful findings based on qualitative and quantitative analysis and also provides new insights that might benefit existing bug prediction techniques. We release a large set of benchmarks and also implement a prototype tool to automatically detect dependency-level changes from bug fixes, which can warn developers and remind them to design a better fix.

关键词： empirical software engineering software maintenance software evolution software architecture software design

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A manual inspection of Defects4J bugs and its implications for automatic program repair

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2019年第10期62卷 31-46页

作者： Jiajun JIANG Yingfei XIONG Xin XIA Key Laboratory of High Confidence software Technologies Ministry of EducationInstitute of Software Department of Computer Science and Technology Peking University The Faculty of Information Technology Monash University

Automatic program repair techniques, which target to generate correct patches for real-world defects automatically, have gained a lot of attention in the last decade. Many different techniques and tools have been proposed and developed. However, even the most sophisticated automatic program repair techniques can only repair a small portion of defects while producing a large number of incorrect patches.A possible reason for the low performance is the test suites of real-world programs are usually too weak to guarantee the behavior of a program. To understand to what extent defects can be fixed with exiting test suites, we manually analyzed 50 real-world defects from Defects4J, where a large portion(i.e., 82%) of them were correctly fixed. This result suggests that there is much room for the current automatic program repair techniques to improve. Furthermore, we summarized seven fault localization and seven patch generation strategies that are useful in localizing and fixing these defects, and compared those strategies with current techniques. The results indicate potential directions to improve automatic program repair in the future.

关键词： automatic defect repair fault localization manual repair software maintenance case study

Developer social networks in software engineering:construction,analysis,and applications

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2014年第12期57卷 86-108页

作者： ZHANG WeiQiang NIE LiMing JIANG He CHEN ZhenYu LIU Jia State Key Laboratory for Novel software Technology Nanjing University School of software Dalian University of Technology

With the increasing popularity of Internet,more and more developers are collaborating together for software *** the collaboration,a lot of information related to software development,including communication and coordination information of developers,can be recorded in software *** information can be employed to construct Developer Social Networks(DSNs)for facilitating tasks in software *** this paper,we survey recent advances of DSNs and examine three fundamental steps of DSNs,namely construction,analysis,and *** summarize the state-of-the-art methods in the three steps and investigate the relationships among ***,we discuss the main issues and point out the future opportunities in the study of DSNs.

关键词： developer social networks social network analysis software maintenance communication and coordination prediction and recommendation

Runtime software architecture based on reflective middleware

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Science in China(Series F) 2004年第5期47卷 555-576页

作者： HUANGGang MEIHong YANGFuqing Instituteofsoftware SchoolofElectronicsEngineeringandComputerSciencePekingUniversityBeijing100871China

There exists a consensus that software architecture (SA) plays a central role in software development and also plays an important role in the lifecycle phases after software delivery. Particularly, SA can be used to reduce the great difficulty and cost of software maintenance and evolution. In this paper, runtime software architecture (RSA) based on reflective middleware is proposed to support architecture-based software maintenance and evolution. In this approach, the actual states and behaviors of the runtime system can be observed and manipulated in a consistent and understandable way through its architectural view. Being an accurate, up-to-date, semantic and operable view of SA, RSA looks components and connectors as white-box entities to accurately and thoroughly describe the runtime system, extends traditional architecture description languages to formally describe itself and naturally inherit plentiful semantics in traditional views of SA, and utilizes reflective middleware to observe and manipulate the runtime system. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, a reflective J2EE application server, called PKUAS, is implemented to observe and manipulate the components, connectors and constraints in the runtime system. Finally, the performance evaluation proves that making RSA explicit and operable at runtime has little effect on the runtime system.

关键词： software architecture software maintenance software evolution reflective middleware.

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Application Server Aging Model and Multi-Level Rejuvenation Strategy Using Semi-Markov Process

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Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 2006年第5期11卷 1209-1215页

作者： ZHAO Tianhai QI Yong SHEN Junyi HOU Di ZHENG Xiaomei LIU Liang School of Electronics and Information Engineering Xi＇an Jiaotong University Xi＇an 710049 Shaanxi China IBM China Research Laboratory Beijing 100094China

Aiming at the characteristic of the dependency between the application components and the application server platform, a rejuvenation strategy with two different levels of rejuvenation granularities is put forward in this paper including the application component reiuvenation and the application server system rejuvenation. The availability and maintenance cost functions are obtained by means of establishing the application server aging model and the boundary condition of the optimal rejuvenation time is analyzed. Theory analysis indicates that the two-level rejuvenation strategy is superior to the traditional single level one. Finally, evaluation experiments are carried out and numerical result shows that compared with the traditional rejuvenation policy, the rejuvenation strategy proposed in this paper can further increase availability of the application server and reduce maintenance cost.

关键词： application server software rejuvenation reliability software maintenance

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Design and Implementation of Reconfigurable AES IP Core using FPGAs

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Design and Implementation of Reconfigurable AES IP Core usin...

An Approach to Detect Structural Development Defects in Object-Oriented Programs

2005 6th International Conference on ASIC

作者： Xu Jian Liu Yuan-feng Dai Zi-bin Sun Yi Institute of Electronic Technology Information Engineering University

ISBN: (纸本)0780392108

＜正＞In this paper,a high-performance and dynamic reconfigurable AES IP Core is presented,which provides full support for encryption/decryption models and 128/192/256-bit key *** save the hardware cost, sharing technique is adopted to key modules and dynamic reconfigurable S-boxes according to operation *** with traditional schemes,the reconfigurable scheme not only provides full hardware support for the AES implementing modes and three possible key sizes,but also reduces the required logic elements to 43%and the required memory bits to 17% on equivalent *** one also provides a better secure and flexible scheme for different requirements.

关键词： Field programmable gate arrays Hardware Cryptography software maintenance Costs Reconfigurable logic Computer architecture software performance Routing Circuits

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2024年第2期14卷 494-510页

作者： Maxime Seraphin Gnagne Mouhamadou Dosso Mamadou Diarra Souleymane Oumtanaga Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University Félix HOUPHOU&#203T-BOIGNY Abidjan C&#244te d’Ivoire Research and Innovation Unit in Mathematics and Digital Sciences National Polytechnic Institute Félix HOUPHOU&#203T-BOIGNY Yamoussoukro C&#244te d’Ivoire

Structural development defects essentially refer to code structure that violates object-oriented design principles. They make program maintenance challenging and deteriorate software quality over time. Various detection approaches, ranging from traditional heuristic algorithms to machine learning methods, are used to identify these defects. Ensemble learning methods have strengthened the detection of these defects. However, existing approaches do not simultaneously exploit the capabilities of extracting relevant features from pre-trained models and the performance of neural networks for the classification task. Therefore, our goal has been to design a model that combines a pre-trained model to extract relevant features from code excerpts through transfer learning and a bagging method with a base estimator, a dense neural network, for defect classification. To achieve this, we composed multiple samples of the same size with replacements from the imbalanced dataset MLCQ1. For all the samples, we used the CodeT5-small variant to extract features and trained a bagging method with the neural network Roberta Classification Head to classify defects based on these features. We then compared this model to RandomForest, one of the ensemble methods that yields good results. Our experiments showed that the number of base estimators to use for bagging depends on the defect to be detected. Next, we observed that it was not necessary to use a data balancing technique with our model when the imbalance rate was 23%. Finally, for blob detection, RandomForest had a median MCC value of 0.36 compared to 0.12 for our method. However, our method was predominant in Long Method detection with a median MCC value of 0.53 compared to 0.42 for RandomForest. These results suggest that the performance of ensemble methods in detecting structural development defects is dependent on specific defects.

关键词： Object-Oriented Programming Structural Development Defect Detection software maintenance Pre-Trained Models Features Extraction Bagging Neural Network

Code Smell Detection Based on Multi-dimensional software Data and Complex Networks

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国际计算机前沿大会会议论文集 2020年第2期 490-505页

作者： Heng Tong Cheng Zhang Futian Wang Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Multimodal Cognitive Computation School of Computer Science and TechnologyAnhui UniversityHefeiChina

Code smell is the product of improper design and operation,which may be introduced in many *** will cause serious problems for further software development and ***,most code smell detection methods detect through a single type of software *** are restrictions on detecting code smells with complex definitions and *** this paper,an approach of applying multi-dimensional software data is proposed.A complex network was built through structural data and historical version data,and code smell instances were determined by searching the *** designed two smells detection strategies were designed and evaluated them in four open source *** results demonstrate that the proposed method has 23%and 15%higher F-measures on Shotgun Surgery and Parallel Inheritance Hierarchy than the existing mainstream detection *** code smell detection based on multi-dimensional software data and complex network is effective,and this method of processing multidimensional software data is also applicable for data-driven software research.

关键词： Code smell Detection technique software refactoring software maintenance