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socio-demographic Factors Associated with Obesity among Adolescents in Secondary School in Onitsha, South East Nigeria

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Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases 2023年第7期13卷 85-106页

作者： Nkiru Veronica Agu Kenneth Nchekwube Okeke Sylvia Tochukwu Echendu Chinyere Ukamaka Onubogu Joy Chinelo Ebenebe Thomas Obiajulu Ulasi Njideka Constance Uchefuna Christian Chukwuemeka Ifezulike Amalachukwu Okwukweka Odita Joseph Ezeogu Department of Paediatrics Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi Nigeria Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Clinical Medicine Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Paediatrics Faculty of Clinical Sciences Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital Awka Nigeria Department of Paediatrics Imo state Teaching Hospital Orlu Nigeria

Background: The prevalence of obesity among adolescent has been on the increase worldwide. This is probably a result of increase in the sedentary life style and the increasing shift to western diet. Obesity in children and adolescents has adverse consequences. These include increase in the rate of Diabetes Mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, etc with resultant increase in premature deaths. Objectives: To determine the socio-demographic and behavioral factors associated with overweight and obesity in apparently healthy secondary school adolescents. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of secondary school adolescents aged 10 - 19 years randomly selected from two public schools and three private schools. The weight and heights of study subjects were measured using standard equipment. Body mass index (BMI) was appropriately calculated and the WHO growth reference standard for age and gender, specific percentile for BMI was used to define overweight 85th to 97th and obese (97th percentile and above). Results: Data were initially collected from 1250 participants, but 52 were excluded due to improperly completed questionnaires. Thus, a total of 1198 students were ultimately included in the study, giving a response rate of 95.8%. These included 621 females (51.8%) and 577 males (48.2%) aged 10 - 19 years giving a F:M ratio of 1:0.9. The mean age of the students was 15.07 ± 1.96 years overall, 15.13 ± 2.08 years for males and 15.03 ± 1.83 years for females. There was no statistically significant difference between male and female in the distribution of age groups (p = 0.12). The mean BMI was 21.51 ± 3.57 kg/m2 for females and 20.22 ± 3.16 kg/m2 for males. The BMI was significantly higher in females in all age groups (p < 0.001) except those aged 10 - p = 0.13). The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were higher in females than males (17.7% vs 10.7%, 5.6% vs 4.5% respectively;p ≤ 12 yrs;p = 0.04). The frequent consumption of suga

关键词： Adolescent Obesity socio-demographic Behavioral Factors

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Effect of socio-demographic Characteristics on Kenyan Smallholder Dairy Farmers’ Adaptive Strategies to Climate Change Effects

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2019年第4期9卷 583-599页

作者： Charles Okech Odhiambo Chlirukovian Bwire Wasike Harun Okello Ogindo Regreening Africa Project World Vision Kenya Nairobi Kenya Livestock Efficiency Enhancement Group (LEEG) Department of Animal Science Maseno University Maseno Kenya Department of Applied Plant Science Maseno University Maseno Kenya.

Climate change (CC) impedes smallholder dairy industry in Kenya. Consequently, farmers’ adaptation to CC effects would greatly determine their resilience, profitability, and sustainable contribution to the economy. socio-demography among other factors, determine smallholder farmers’ adaptive strategies to CC effects. This study sought to understand how smallholder dairy farmers in South Western Kenya adapt to climate changes and determine the relationship between famers’ adaptive strategies and their socio-demographics of sex, age, marital status, highest educational level, household size, and experience in dairying. Concurrent Fixed Mixed Methods were used to collect primary and secondary data. Reports and papers were reviewed for temperature and precipitation data, dairy population, production trends, and farmers’ socio-demographics. A survey questionnaire was administered to 367 smallholder dairy household heads with 10 years’ experience obtained through multi-stage sampling of respondents from 4 sub counties of Migori county. The data collected included the respondents’ socio-demographics, climate changes and adaptability to CC effects. Key informant interviews (KIIs) were conducted with heads of government departments of Livestock Production, Cooperative Development, Meteorology, Environment and Agriculture Sector Development Support Programme (ASDSP) in Migori County. Others included the leadership of Rongo Dairy Farmers’ Cooperative Society, Lichota Livestock Development Farm, and a Research Officer for Livestock Production Systems with Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO). Focus group discussions (FGDs), on the other hand, were conducted with old men and women (aged 60 years and above), and farmer groups from Rongo Dairy Farmers Cooperative Society, Cham Gi Wadu Dairy and Multipurpose Cooperative Society, and East Sakwa Farmers’ Development Group. These were obtained purposively based on dairying experience. Descriptive statistics (percentages) were used to describe climate change

关键词： Smallholder Dairy Farmers Southwestern Kenya Climate Change Adaptation socio-demographic Factors Adaptive Strategies

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Self-Reported Prevalence and socio-demographic Determinants of Multiple Parasitic Infection among Schooling Adolescents in Nigeria

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2014年第1期4卷 8-17页

作者： Jephtha C. Nmor Judith Nmor Prosper Omah Nwaka H. Kehi Kensuke Goto Junko Toyosawa Daisuke Fujita Department of Animal and Environmental Biology Delta State University Abraka Nigeria Department of Eco-Epidemiology Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN) Nagasaki University Nagasaki Japan Department of Nutrition Sciences Siebold University Nagasaki Japan National Mental Support Center for School Crisis Osaka Kyoiku University Osaka Japan National Mental Support Center for School Crisis Osaka Kyoiku University Osaka Japan Department of Animal and Environmental Biology Delta State University Abraka Nigeria

Background: Despite the rising burden of parasitic infections among young schooling adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa, insufficient attention has been paid to school-health. This study examined the self-reported prevalence of major parasitic infections and its association with key socio-demographic factors among young schooling adolescents in Southern Nigeria. Methods: An interviewer-administered school-based survey of students attending schools in Southern Nigeria was conducted in 2013. The study sample involved 585 students (60.9% male, 39.2% female and overall mean age of 15 years). The outcome variable was the self-reported presence of parasitic infection suffered within the past twelve months. The exposure variables were socio-demographic characteristics: age, sex, geolocality, school ownership, parents’ level of education and occupation. Association between the number of parasitic infections and socio-demographic factors were examined, and multivariate logistic regression was used to determine socio-demographic factors predictive of the presence of parasitic infections. Results: The most prevalent parasitic diseases reported across the sample were malaria (46.9%) and helminthiasis (27.7%). Over a quarter (38.5%) had one infectious disease, while about half (40.3%) reported had more than two infectious diseases. In the study sample, the number of parasitic diseases differed significantly by sex (p = 0.0344), age (p = 0.0483), geolocality (p = 0.0001), school ownership (p = 0.0012) and parents’ occupation (p = 0.0199). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that attending private school was negatively associated with the presence of parasitic diseases (β = ?0.9129, p = 0.0022). Conclusion: The high prevalence of multiple parasitic infections among the study population is worrisome and should be considered as a school-health concern. Concerted efforts are highly needed to develop school-health intervention programs for addressing the high prevalence of parasitic infection among students. Such program

关键词： Parasitic Diseases socio-demographic Factors Students Nigeria Africa

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Effect of socio-demographic status on dental caries in pupils by using a multilevel hurdle model

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Health 2013年第7期5卷 1110-1116页

作者： Yunes Jahani Mohammad R. Eshraghian Abbas R. Foroushani Keramat Nourijelyani Kazem Mohammad Arash Shahravan Mahin Alam Adolescents Youth and Schools Health Unit Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Kerman Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran

Introduction: Dental caries is the most prevalent chronic disease among schoolchildren. We aimed to investigate the association between dental caries index and socio-demographic status in schoolchildren by using a multilevel hurdle model. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out on 906 primary school pupils in Kerman, Iran in 2012. The subjects were selected through a stratified cluster random sampling. At first, the whole target area was stratified according to two geographic areas, the north and south area. Then each area was stratified according to gender. In the next step, several schools were considered as clusters, which were selected randomly in each geographic area and gender strata. All the schoolchildren in these schools were included in this study as samples. Twelve-year-old pupils were examined for dental caries. The dependent variable in this study was the dmft/DMFT index. Eight variables, including socio-demographic information, were collected. Multilevel negative binomial hurdle model was employed for data analysis. Results: The prevalence of caries-free pupils was 30.1% and the mean dmft/DMFT was 3.6 ± 2.2. Negative binomial part of the adjusted model showed that the dmft/DMFT adjusted rate for females was 1.36 (95% CI: 1.10-1.79) times higher than males. Also, the dmft/DMFT adjusted rate for overweight pupils was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.74-0.98) times lower than those with normal weight. Logistic part of the adjusted model showed that the posibility of caries-free state in overweight pupils was 1.95 (95% CI: 1.22-3.11) times higher than those with normal weight. In addition, pupils whose fathers and mothers were workers and housewives, respectively, and those with a high maternal age were at a greater risk for caries experience than others (p < 0.05). Conclusion: BMI, gender, parent’s job and mother’s age at delivery were factors effecting on dental caries in schoolchildren. These pupils need more attention to dental care.

关键词： Multilevel Hurdle Model Dental Caries socio-demographic Status Primary School Pupils dmft/DMFT Index

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socio-demographic Impact Study of Nepal Earthquake 2015 at Sindhuli District

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Open Journal of Earthquake Research 2018年第1期7卷 53-68页

作者： Bishnu B. Khatri Central Department of Rural Development Studies Tribhuvan University (TU) Kathmandu Nepal

As a result of the two major earthquakes that struck Nepal at 11:56 am on 25 April, and 12 May 2015, nearly 9,000 lives and over half a million homes have been destroyed. In this connection, the paper tries to assess the socio- demographic impact of Nepal earthquake 2015 with reference to Sindhuli district. The Sindhuli district of Nepal was one of the highly affected districts among the fourteen severely destructed districts of the central part of Nepal, was purposively selected among them for the study purpose. The paper utilized the both primary and secondary data. The survey found that the earthquakes had unevenly affected the age, gender, poorer, rural locations relative to the urban and less poor areas. It also found that women and children had comparatively fallen victim to anxiety, trauma, depression, feeling helpless, loss of interest (passive) and irrational fear. During the survey, the study found that the NGOs, INGOs, Private and Personal support agencies/actors had played significant role in distribution of relief package at Sindhuli district of Nepal. The distributions of relief materials were challenging because of lack of road connectivity to reach at many earthquake affected villages in Sindhuli district.

关键词： socio-demographic Impact Nepal Earthquake 2015 Sindhuli District

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sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infected population during the second and third epidemiological waves in Sri Lanka

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2023年第1期16卷 33-38页

作者： Hewa Babarandage Chathurika Harshani Ruvini Tharuka Wijewickrama Gayan Wimalarathne Chrishan Jude S Jayamaha Janaki I Abeynayake Medical Research Institute Colombo-08Sri Lanka

Objective:To analyze data on socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infected population whose samples were received from Medical Research Institute,Sri Lanka.Methods:Laboratory based retrospective study was done on patient samples which were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by National Reference Virology Laboratory at the Medical Research Institute,Sri Lanka,from November,2020 to November,2021.Data on sociodemographic characteristics and clinical presentation of 13126 patients were examined.Results:The mean age of the study population was(36.0±7.2)years and the majority were men(64.0%).The highest number of positive cases were found in the 21-30 years-of-age group.Two distinct peaks were noted in the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals.In addition,42.5%of the positive samples tested positive(42.5%)were from Medical Officer of Health collection centres.Furthermore,60.6%(7951)of the infected subjects were asymptomatic whereas the remaining were symptomatic.The highest percentage of symptomatic patients were observed in the 91-100 years-of-age group while the highest asymptomatic subjects were found in the 31-40 years-of-age group.The percentage of asymptomatic children(65.3%)was significantly(P<0.05)higher than that of adults(43.4%).Conclusions:The findings of this study aid decision makers to focus on the vulnerable groups,and geographic and temporal distribution of patients in the public health strategies that aim at preventing the spread of the disease and reducinig its mortalities.

关键词： COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 socio-demographic Clinical

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socio-demographic Characteristics and Risk Factors Contributing Pulmonary Tuberculosis Infection and Recent Transmission

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Journal of Tuberculosis Research 2019年第4期7卷 228-237页

作者： S. M. Shahriar Rizvi Shirin Tarafder S. M. Mostofa Kamal Shaheda Anwar Fatima Tuj Johora Shamim Hossain Communicable Disease Control Directorate General of Health Services Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Microbiology and Immunology Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Dhaka Bangladesh National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory NIDCH Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Microbiology East West Medical College Dhaka Bangladesh Medical Technologist National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory NIDCH Dhaka Bangladesh

Host factors, environmental factors, genetic diversity and distinct phylogeographic distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) contribute to regional differences in drug resistance. Bangladesh remains among the top 20 high Multi drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) burden countries of the world. This cross sectional study was conducted to identify the socio demographic characteristics and the risk factors contributing Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) infection. These characteristics and risk factors were further investigated among the clustered isolates. Total 60 culture isolates consist of 40 RR and 20 rifampicin sensitive (RS) isolates were enrolled in this study. Laboratory works were done in National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory (NTRL) and Department of Microbiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. All 60 samples were confirmed as MTB by MPT 64 antigen detection. Two samples were excluded for possible cross contamination and two for failing to give PCR product for most of the locus. So, finally 56 samples were further analyzed for results. Four isolates were distributed within two clusters which were belonged to Beijing lineage. socio demographic data and risk factors analysis of this study found significant male predominance (p = 0.04) with history of smoking (p = 0.01) and previous anti-TB treatment (p = 0.012) as the significant risk factors for RR TB.

关键词： Tuberculosis socio-demographic Beijing Lineage Epidemiology

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Association between socio-demographic Factors and Blood Sugar Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Bangladesh

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Journal of Diabetes Mellitus 2017年第3期7卷 151-159页

作者： Md. Rabiul Islam Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh

Background: The aim of the current study was to evaluate the anthropometric and demographic factors and their correlation with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Bangladesh. Methods: One hundred fourteen patients (70 males and 44 females) between 30 and 75 years of age from various areas of Bangladesh were screened for T2DM. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) was analyzed by using laboratory kits and spectrophotometric technique. Anthropometric and socio-demographic data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from weight (kg) and height (m) of the individual respondents. Physical activity was categorized based on activity during daily work. Economic condition is defined by respective family income and education level is categorized into 3 levels: illiterate, 0 - 12 years of education and graduate or above. Results: According to the current study results, half of the patients were from the middle-class family with low physical activity and their age was within the range of 30 - 45 years. The male and female ratio of the study population was 60:40. Most of the patients were found to be obese and educated. Urban populations were more prone to have DM than the rural population. Age, education, the area of residence (urban and rural), physical activity and co-morbid diseases were significantly correlated with T2DM in Bangladesh (P Conclusion: Our study shows that different socio-demographic factors have a significant correlation with T2DM in Bangladesh. Diabetes awareness, early diagnosis, patient education and life-style modification can be initiated to manage T2DM efficiently.

关键词： socio-demographic Factors Diabetes Mellitus Association T2DM Blood Sugar Level Bangladesh

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socio-demographic Factors and Their Correlation with the Severity of Major Depressive Disorder: A Population Based Study

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World Journal of Neuroscience 2017年第2期7卷 193-202页

作者： Md. Rabiul Islam Rubyeat Adnan Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Public Health North South University Dhaka Bangladesh

Objective: Genetic and neurobiological factors are considered to be the major causes of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, over last few years study results revealed that socio-demographic factors contribute a significant role in abnormal functional activity and recognized as major causative factors to the pathogenesis and severity of MDD. The aim of this study was to assess the socio-demographic characteristics of Bangladeshi MDD patients and to discover their role on the severity of disease. Material and Methods: A retrospective review of the case notes of psychiatry outpatients at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) was carried out between Sep-Nov 2016. A total of 234 MDD patients (aged 18 to 60 years) were randomly recruited. Relevant information was obtained by collection of prescription details from the patients or their relatives by face to face interview. Results: Mean age and body mass index (BMI) were found 34.734 years (SEM ± 0.842) and 22.014 kg/m2 respectively. Among all respondents, 56% (133) were male and 44% (106) were female where mean income was 26.84 KBDT (Kilo Bangladeshi Taka) (SEM ± 0.749). Roughly 46% (111) patients were found to be below secondary level of education. Married people (56%) had a tendency to develop depression compare to unmarried people (36%). Urban residents (64%) are more prone to suffer from depression than rural residents (36%). There was mild depression in 28% (68), moderate in 37% (157), and severe in 14% (34) patients. Correlation analysis shows that age, sex, marital status, education, family income, and area of residence (p-values 0.004, 0.001, 0.000, 0.011, 0.000 and 0.000, respectively) are associated with the severity of disease. Moreover, among all significant correlations age, marital status and area of residence were positively correlated with the severity of MDD (r = 0.184, r = 0.238 and r = 0.256) while sex, education and family income were negatively correlated with the severity of depression (r = ﹣0.207, r = ﹣0.164 and r = ﹣0.722). C

关键词： socio-demographic Factors Correlation Severity Major Depressive Disorder Bangladesh

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How Does COVID-19 Affect demographic,Administrative,and Social Economic Domain?Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy

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International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 2022年第5期24卷 635-648页

作者： Safwan Qadri Shixiang Chen Syed Usman Qadri School of Political Science and Public Administration Local Government Public Service Innovation Research CenterWuhan UniversityWuhan430072China Department of Management Science Time InstituteMultan60650Pakistan

Worldwide,the COVID-19 pandemic has had a signiﬁcant impact on social and economic conditions as well as mental and physical health.Pakistan is considered in high ranks on Uncertainty Avoidance Index(UAI).The peo-ple of Pakistan have already faced numerous obstacles in terms of food and housing prospects.Job security,inﬂated prices of food items,andﬁnancial distress are the foremost vital challenges of Pakistan’s people during the Pandemic.This study examines the people’s perception of social,economic,and psychological impact and explores the causes and trends of spreading the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan.A primary survey method was conducted to collect the data from all Punjab divisions via questionnaire,and 471 respondents wereﬁnally selected for data analysis.The data collection instrument was a questionnaire,and the data analysis tool was SPSS.Investors,analysts,business professionals,economists,business faculty staff,and civil society are the study’s popu-lations.Theﬁndings show that the overall social and economic life has been affected(82%of respondents agree)by the COVID-19 pandemic.60.5%of respondents manage their spending through salary(mean value=4.45),while 45%use savings(mean value=4.25).Moreover,Government support(mean value=3.95)plays a vital role in managing expenditure in this COVID-19 outbreak in Pakistan.Consequently,this study conﬁrms that the lock-down implementation measure(mean value=2.20)is not considered useful in reducing COVID-19 due to Pakistan’sﬁnancial and economic uncertainty.This study concluded the social distance and testing measures are vital tools in reducing the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan.However,the study established that micro-smart lockdown,increased COVID-19 testing kits,and adequate medical equipment in the Hospital of Pakistan are the key mechanism to control the pandemic.Consequently,this study recommends that thorough long-term plan-ning be undertaken to mitigate the pandemic’s worst effects and develop a comprehensive strategy with society as the primary focus.

关键词： COVID-19 health socioeconomic socio-demographic uncertainty avoidance index micro-smart lockdown

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