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The effects of oral smokeless tobacco administration on endurance performance

Journal of Sport and Health Science 2018年第4期7卷 465-472页

作者： Thomas Zandonai Enrico Tam Paolo Bruseghini Fabio Pizzolato Loretta Franceschi Massimo Baraldo Carlo Capelli Paola Cesari Cristiano Chiamulera Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory Department of Diagnostic and Public HealthUniversity of VeronaVerona 37134Italy Mind Brain and Behavior Research Center CIMCYCDepartment of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of GranadaGranada 18071Spain Department of Neurosciences Biomedicine and Movement SciencesSchool of Exercise and Sport ScienceUniversity of VeronaVerona 37131Italy Department of Experimental and Clinical Medical Sciences University of UdineUdine 33100Italy Department of Physical Performances Norwegian School of Sport SciencesOslo N-0806Norway）： Corresponding author.E-mail address：thomas.zandonai@univr.itContributed equally to this manuscript.

Background： smokeless tobacco is widely used by athletes to enhance performance. Nicotine is a central nervous system stimulant and acts on cardiocirculatory and metabolic systems, involving tissue blood flow and circulatory vasoreactivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the oral smokeless tobacco （Swedish snus （SS）） on the perception of fatigue and time to exhaustion （TTE） during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Methods： Fourteen healthy non-tobacco male users were recruited for a double-blind, controlled crossover design （SS vs. snus placebo （SP））. Subjects were tested for 3 sessions： experimental session 1 （Exp 1） consisted of an incremental test to determine the maximal aerobic power out-put （Wmax）, whereas Exp2 and Exp3 consisted of exercising at 65%Wmax until exhaustion in SS or SP conditions. During Exp2 and Exp3, muscle and cerebral oxygenation was assessed by means of near-infrared spectroscopy, and the rating of perceived exertion （RPE） was recorded. Results： Comparing SS with SP tests, significant differences （p 〈 0.05） were found in the values of cerebral （-3%） and muscular tissues oxygenation （-4%） in the first 30 min of exercise. The RPE values were not significantly different between the 2 conditions （SS vs. SP）. No significant difference was found in TTE （SS： 54.25 ± 21.84 min; SP： 50.01 ± 17.03 min）. Conclusion： This study showed that muscular and cerebral oxygenation increased significantly with snus administration during an endurance exercise until exhaustion, but this did not affect fatigue perception and TTE. The results showed that snus could not be considered an ergogenic substance in non-tobacco users.2018 Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Shanghai University of Sport. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. （http：//***/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/）.

关键词： Exercise endurance Maximal aerobic power Nicotine RPE smokeless tobacco Snus Time to exhaustion Tissue oxygenation

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Review with meta-analysis relating North American,European and Japanese snus or smokeless tobacco use to major smoking-related diseases

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World Journal of Meta-Analysis 2022年第3期10卷 130-142页

作者： Peter Nicholas Lee Katharine Jane Coombs Janette Susan Hamling Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology P.N.Lee Statistics and Computing LtdSutton SM25DASurreyUnited Kingdom Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology RoeLee Statistics LtdSutton SM25DASurreyUnited Kingdom

BACKGROUND While extensive information exists relating cigarette smoking to the risk of lung cancer,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),ischaemic heart disease(IHD)or acute myocardial infarction(AMI),and stroke,far less information is available on risks from moist snuff(“snus”)or smokeless tobacco(ST)in United States/Canada,Europe or *** To summarize data from the selected countries on risks of the four diseases associated with current ST or snus *** Publications in English in 1990-2020 were considered that,based on epidemiological studies in North America,Europe or Japan,estimated risks of lung cancer,COPD,IHD/AMI,or stroke according to use of ST or *** studies should involve at least 100 cases of the disease considered,and not be restricted to those with specific other *** literature searches were conducted,selecting papers initially from examination of titles and abstracts,and then from full *** papers were sought from reference lists in selected papers,reviews and *** each disease,relative risk estimates adjusted at least for age were extracted relating ST or snus use to risk,and combined using random-effects *** estimates were mainly for current *** or non-current use,but results for ever vs never use were also *** Seven publications reported results for ST use from six United States *** most useful results came from four studies which provided results for current *** ***-effects meta-analyses of these results showed an increased risk for each disease,clearest for lung cancer(relative risk 1.59,95%confidence interval 1.06-2.39,based on 4 estimates)and COPD(1.57,1.09-2.26,n=3),but also significant(at P<0.05)for IHD(1.26,1.10-1.45,n=4)and stroke(1.27,1.03-1.57,n=4).Also including results for ever *** use from two other studies increased the lung cancer estimate to 1.80(1.23-2.64,n=6),but had little effect on the other *** snus,16 pu

关键词： smokeless tobacco Moist snuff Lung disease Cardiovascular disease Meta-analysis Review

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Histological Features of Parotid Gland of Albino Rats Exposed to. smokeless tobacco

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Journal of Northeast Agricultural University(English Edition) 2016年第3期23卷 54-60页

作者： Sana Murtaza Khoso Pervez Ahmed Khoso Navaid Qazi Mir Hassan Khoso Ahmed Sultan Jatoi Ubedullah Kaka Dental College Isra University Hyderabad Sindh Pakistan College of Veterinary Medicine Northeast Agricultural University Harbin 150030 China Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Sakrand Biopharmaceutical Lab College of Life Sciences Northeast Agricultural University Harbin 150030 China

smokeless tobacco is very common personal habit of people living in various areas of Asia which is an alarming sign for the development of different oral diseases in such people. The aim of present study was to investigate effects of smokeless tobacco on parofid glands of the Aalbano rats by using various percentages of the smokeless tobacco. The rats were divided into three different groups, control group （A） no smokeless tobacco, experimental group （B） 5% smokeless tobacco and experimental group （C） 10% of smokeless tobacco with different feeds required according parameters. Weekly weight gain and partid gland were analyzed through student P test and histological structures were recorded through HE stain and Retculin stain. The results showed that as compared to control group body, weight of the rats was decreased in groups B and C having smokeless tobacco percentage in the diet. Weight of parotid gland as compared to control group was decreased in groups B and C with diet of smokeless tobacco. Further, histological observation under HE stain showed that parofid gland of group B showed mild narrowing of ductal lumen, collapse of vessels and stromal was also increased, in group C parenchyrnal tissues with loss of acini found damaged and glandular dystrop and lymphatic infiltration were determined moderate to severe. Meanwhile, reticulin stain showed that vascular collapses were shown because of increasing in stromal glandular atrophy in group C as compared to control group. In conclusion, this study showed that smokeless tobacco caused serious injuries in the tissue level in parotid gland with high percentage of smokeless tobacco which highlight health hazards on its consumption.

关键词： smokeless tobacco histological observation parotid gland Albino rat

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