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silage Additives: Review

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2014年第5期4卷 258-274页

作者： Melkamu Bezabih Yitbarek Birhan Tamir College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia Department of Animal Science College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Debre Markos University Debre Markos Ethiopia

silage making process can be explained very simply, it is actually very complex and dependant on many factors, such as the natural microbial population, harvesting conditions and the sugar content of the forage. Consequently, silage quality can be very variable and the only way to effectively control the fermentation process is to use an additive. Additives are natural or industrial products added in rather large quantities to the forage or grain mass. Additives control or prevent certain types of fermentation, thus reducing losses and improving silage stability. In order to assist in the fermentation process, various silage additives have been used to improve the nutrient and energy recovery in silage, often with subsequent improvements in animal performance. The purpose for applying additives to the silage is to ensure that the growth of lactic bacteria predominates during the fermentation process, producing lactic acid in quantities high enough to ensure good silage. Therefore this review is made to focus on some practical aspects of the fermentation process and the uses of some common silage additives that include microbial inoculants, enzymes, and propionic acid.

关键词： silage silage Additives Fermentation Inoculants

Corn Production for silage Subjected to Potassium Fertilization and Water Depths

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2016年第4期7卷 671-676页

作者： Edvaldo Eloy Dantas Junior Lucia Helena Garófalo Chaves Josely Dantas Fernandes Federal University of Campina Grande Campina Grande Brazil State University of Paraíba Campina Grande Brazil

This study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of water depths and potassium fertilizer levels on corn yield for silage. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a split-plot with six water depths based on crop potential evapotranspiration (ETcp) in levels: 0.25;0.50;0.75;1.00;1.25 and 1.50 ETcp, and six amounts of potassium, 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg·ha-1, in four replicates. The irrigation system was dripped. Before sowing was applied to the soil to nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P) fertilizers, corn was sown ten days after the fertilization using seeds from hybrid AG 1051. Manual harvesting of ears occurred 67 days after sowing. Production variables observed were fresh matter of plant with (FPMwiths) and without (FPMwithouts) the ears. The fresh matter of plant with and without the ears was influenced significantly by factors analyzed, the 1% level of probability by F test. The water depths in irrigation that maximized the physiological parameters of plants as FPMwiths and FPMwithouts were, respectively, 690 mm and 766.7 mm. The quantitative potassium to maximize physiological parameters of FMP with ears and FMP without ears was, respectively, 104.75 kg ha-1 and 52.1 kg ha-1.

关键词： Zea mays L. Irrigation silage Plants

Effects of Addition of Lactobacillus plantarum and Enterococcus faecium Inoculants to High-Nitrogen Fertilized Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) on Fermentation, Nutritive Value, and Feed Intake of silage

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第26期5卷 3889-3897页

作者： Peng Wang Kousaku Souma Hideki Okamoto Tatsunori Yano Masayuki Nakano Akihiro Furudate Chihiro Sato Jiabao Zhang Takayoshi Masuko College of Animal Science Jilin University Changchun China Faculty of Bioindustry Tokyo University of Agriculture Hokkaido Japan Tenpoku SubStation Kamikawa Agricultural Experiment Station Hokkaido Research Organization Hokkaido Japan Central Agricultural Experiment Station Hokkaido Research Organization Hokkaido Japan Pioneer Hi-Bred Japan Co. Ltd. Hokkaido Branch Hokkaido Japan

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of addition of inoculant to high-nitrogen (N) fertilized timothy on fermentation, nutritive value, and feed intake of silage. The silage of timothy cultivated with a N fertilizer rate at two levels (high level (H), standard level (S)) was prepared with (SI, HI) or without (SC, HC) an inoculants. The CP content of H increased by 38 g·kg-1 DM compared with that of S, and the WSC and ADF contents decreased compared with those of S. Regarding the fermentation of silage, the pH and NH3-N ratio was significantly lower in the silage with inoculant (SI and HI), showing improvement of the fermentation compared with those of the silage without the addition (SC and HC). The CP content was significantly higher in HC and HI than in SC and SI, and the NDF content was the lowest in HI among the four treatments. The CP digestibility of HC and HI was significantly higher than those of SC and SI. The EE digestibility of SI was significantly higher than that of SC, and that of HI was significantly higher than that of HC. The DCP contents were significantly higher in HC and HI than in SC and SI. The TDN content was the lowest in SC and highest in HI. The DCP intakes of HC and HI were significantly higher than those of SC and SI. When the N fertilizer rate was increased, the DCP content and DCP intake of the silage increased, and the addition of inoculant improved the fermentation and increased the TDN content.

关键词： DCP Intake Fermentation High-Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate Lactobacillus plantarum Timothy silage

Effect of Lactate and Starter Inoculum on Biogas Production from Fresh Maize and Maize silage

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Advances in Microbiology 2017年第5期7卷 358-376页

作者： Preseela Satpathy Sven Steinigeweg Eike Siefert Heribert Cypionka EUTEC Institute University of Applied Sciences Emden/Leer Emden Germany Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM) University of Oldenburg Oldenburg Germany

Lactate is a key intermediate during anaerobic digestion of carbohydrates;however, it fails to receive significant consideration in biogas plants. We examined the influence of lactic acid on biogas production. Two commonly used feeds, fresh maize and maize silage, were selected as substrates due to their difference in lactic acid contents. Additionally, inocula from an agriculture-based biogas plant, a waste water treatment plant and a standardised laboratory reactor were selected to investigate the impact of starter culture on the process. Experiments demonstrated increased total biogas yield of up to 45% in the lactate-rich maize silage over the lactate-devoid fresh maize, but only in cases where the starting inocula had been previously exposed to lactic acid. Our findings suggest lactic acid is a significant intermediate in biogas production and merits consideration. Additionally, the ability of the starter inoculum to utilize lactic acid is an important factor in process optimization and enhanced biogas production.

关键词： Biogas Lactic Acid Maize silage Starter Inoculum

Effects of different levels of feeding of pistachio epicarp silage on wool characteristics of growing Afshari lambs

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Agricultural Sciences 2012年第3期3卷 351-354页

作者： Mahnaz Salehi Farhad Mirzaei Ali Mahdavi Animal Science Research Institute of Iran Karaj Iran Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Semnan University Semnan Iran

Sixteen Afshari male lambs (mean live weight 35 ± 1.21 kg, 10 month of age) were used to study the effect of different levels of pistachio epicarp silage (0%, 8%, 17% and 25%) on wool characteristics. The fleece weight (FW), staple length on shoulder (STS), flank (STF), back (STB) and rump (STR), true wool fiber (TW), modulated fiber (MF), kemp fiber (KF) percentage, mean wool fiber diameter (MD) and its coefficient variation (CVMD), breaking load (BL), wool tenacity (WT) and extension (E) were measured. These data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SAS software package. The total mean of FW, STS, STB, STF STR;TW, MF, KF, MD, CVMD, BL, WT and E of wool were 1622.2 ± 0.2 gr, 6.20 ± 0.26 cm, 6.80 ± 0.20 cm, 6.50 ± 0.20 cm, 6.90 ± 0.20 cm, 63.30 ± 1.6 mu, 8.30 ± 1.6 mu, 28.40% ± 2.5%, 37.0 ± 0.9 mu, 47.02% ± 2.99%, 7.60 ± 0.3 kgf, 3.40 ± 0.2 gf/tex and 31.1% ± 1.7% respectively, although there was significant difference among treatments on FW, MF, KF, MD, BL and WT. The results showed that feeding lambs with 25% pistachio epicarp silage of total dry matter intake affected wool characteristics and its effect was similar with the control group.

关键词： Afshari Lamb Pistachio Epicarp silage Wool Characteristic

The Effect of Organo-Mineral Fertilizer Applications on the Yield of Winter Wheat, Spring Barley, Forage Maize and Grass Cut for silage

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2015年第2期6卷 103-109页

作者： Grace H. Smith Keith Chaney Charles Murray Minh Son Le Harper Adams University Newport UK United Utilities Group PLC Lingley Mere Business Park Warrington UK

Biosolids were applied with urea to produce a granulated organo-mineral fertiliser (OMF) for application by farm fertiliser equipment to a range of agricultural crops. The recommended rates of nitrogen, phosphate and potash were calculated for the test crops using “The Fertiliser Manual”, which assesses the nutrient requirement based on previous cropping, rainfall and soil index. The OMF produced similar crop yields compared to ammonium nitrate fertiliser when applied as a top-dressing to winter wheat, forage maize and grass cut for silage in the cropping years 2010 to 2014. In 2012 the grain yield of spring barley top-dressed with OMF was significantly lower than the conventional fertiliser treatment, due to dry conditions following application. For this reason it is recommended that OMF is incorporated into the seedbed for spring sown crops and The Safe Sludge Matrix guidelines followed. The experimental work presented shows that OMF can be used in sustainable crop production systems as a source of nitrogen and phosphorus for a range of agricultural crops.

关键词： Biosolids Organo-Mineral Fertiliser Crop Yield Winter Wheat Spring Barley Forage Maize Grass silage

Effects of Different Planting Pattern of Maize (<i>Zea mays</i>L.) and Soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>(L.) Merrill) Intercropping in Resource Consumption on Fodder Yield, and silage Quality

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2017年第4期8卷 666-679页

作者： Maw Ni Soe Htet Rab Nawaz Soomro Haijiang Bo College of Agronomy Northwest A&F University Yangling China State Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Tillage in Northwestern Loess Plateau Northwest A&F University Yangling China Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Healthy Feeding College of Animal Science and Technology Northwest A&F University Yangling China

An experiment was carried out at the field units of the north campus experimental areas in Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, P. R. China. The experiment was conducted on summer season (June to September) to determine the effects of different planting patterns of maize and soybean intercropping in resource consumption on fodder yield and silage quality. The main treatments were one sole crop of maize (SM) and four maize-soybean intercropping patterns (1 row maize to 1 row soybean (1M1S), 1 row maize to 2 rows soybean (1M2S), 1 rows maize to 3 rows soybean (1M3S) and 2 rows maize to 1 row soybean (2M1S), respectively. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications, and plot size of 12 m by 5 m. The crops were harvested when the maize reached at milk stage and soybean at R7 stage. The result indicated significant increase in fresh biomass and dry matter production of maize fodder alone as compared to maize intercropped with soybean fodder. It was correlated with a higher consumption of environmental resources, such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and soil moisture by intercropping. After 45 days of ensiling period, silage samples were analyzed for pH, organic acids (Lactic, acetic, and butyric), dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K). It was concluded that in all intercropped silages, crude protein (CP) values were higher (1M1S, 12.1%;1M2S, 12.2%;1M3S, 12.4%;2M1S, 12.1%) than the monocrop maize (SM, 8.7%) silage. Higher organic acids (p silages as compared to others silages. The study indicated that among all intercropped silages, the 1M3S (1 row maize to 3 rows soybean) was preferable according to nutrient composition than other intercropped silages.

关键词： Intercropping Patterns Maize-Soybean Resource Consumption Fodder silage Quality

Effect of Cellulase and Lactic Acid Bacteria on Fermentation Quality and Chemical Composition of Wheat Straw silage

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第13期5卷 1877-1884页

作者： Kuikui Ni Yanping Wang Huili Pang Yimin Cai Animal Physiology and Nutrition Division National Institute of Livestock and Grassland ScienceTsukuba Japan Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bio-Engineering Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China

The object of this study was to determine the effect of cellulase and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on fermentation quality and chemical composition of wheat straw silage. silages were prepared using a small-scale fermentation system and the moisture level was adjusted to 60% of fresh matter (FM) with deionized water. Treatments were designed as: control silage without additives, LAB inoculant Lactobacillus casei Z3-1 (1.0 × 106 cfu·g-1 of FM), commercial inoculant L. plantarum FG 1 (1.0 × 106 cfu·g-1 of FM), Z3-1 + cellulase and FG 1 + cellulase. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and crude protein (CP) contents of the wheat straw prior to ensiling were 76.93%, 48.52% and 4.63% of dry matter (DM), respectively. After 30 days of fermentation, the silages treated with LAB and LAB + cellulase had a lower (P silages treated with cellulase had lower (P silage.

关键词： Cellulase Chemical Composition Lactic Acid Bacteria silage Fermentation Wheat Straw

Nutritive Value and silage Fermentation Characteristics of Forage Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Genotypes and Lablab (Lablab purpureus L.) Mixture

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2022年第6期13卷 723-733页

作者： M. Rangappa Umesh Isaac Lepcha Sultan Begna Prasanna Gowda Sangu Angadi Agriculture Science Center Clovis New Mexico State University Las Cruces NM USA

This study was conducted to assess the fermentation and nutritive value of sorghum silage mixed with lablab at different proportions. The treatments consisted of a combination of two sorghum genotypes viz. “Brown midrib” and “Brachytic dwarf” genotype of lablab and six population proportions viz. 150:0, 112.5:37.5, 75:75, 37.5:112.5, 0:150 and 150:150 × 103 plants·ha-1 sorghum genotypes and lablab, respectively totalling to 12 numbers. Sorghum genotypes and lablab were grown as monocrop and in intercropping systems in the same field. Forage sorghum was harvested at the late-dough stage and lablab at 20% bloom. They were cut and chopped together and ensiled. Lablab in the silage mixture was its actual contribution to the total forage mixture. For each mixture, a 1-L glass jar (mini-silo) was filled with 500 g of fresh material and replicated four times. Forage in mini silos was fermented for 60 days at room temperature (25°C). Pre and post-silage dry samples were analysed for nutritive value and ensiled samples were analysed for fermentation characteristics. There was no significant difference in nutritive value between sorghum genotypes. The greatest impact of mixing lablab with sorghum genotypes was on crude protein (CP) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), but not on neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Across treatments, CP, ADF pH, lactic, and acetic acid concentrations increased as the proportion of LB was increased. The results indicated that lablab as an intercrop with sorghum for greater DM yield and forage and silage quality than respective monocrops.

关键词： Brown Midrib Brachytic Dwarf Ensilage Forage Quality Intercropping Lablab silage