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Tigris, Euphrates, and shatt al-arab River System: Historic and Modern Attempts to Manage and Restore Iraq’s Lifeline

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2024年第1期14卷 28-63页

作者： Kenneth Ray Olson David R. Speidel College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Urbana USA US Army Iraq Mosul Iraq Foreign Agricultural Service Mahmudiyah Iraq Foreign Agricultural Service Washington D.C. USA

In Iraq, the principal rivers are the Tigris, shatt al-arab and Euphrates. From their headwater sources in the mountains of eastern Türkiye, these rivers descend through valleys and gorges and flow into the uplands of Syria and northern and central alluvial plain of Iraq. The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers confluence to form the shatt al-arab river at al-Qurnah which flows into the Persian Gulf. From sources in the Zagros Mountains other tributaries join the Tigris from the east. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers flow in a southeastern direction through the central plain and discharge into the Mesopotamian Marshes, which include permanent marshes, lakes, and riparian habitat. The rivers and their tributaries drain an area of 879,790 km2 which includes almost the entire area of Iraq as well as land in Syria, Türkiye, Kuwait and Iran. The region has historical importance as part of the Fertile Crescent region and where Mesopotamian civilization first emerged. The post war reconstruction efforts in the Yusifiyah township, an important food production region for Baghdad, illustrate the importance of these water resources. In addition, the advent of soil tunnels by Iraqi insurgents within the riverine corridors will make reconstruction of this resource more complex. The primary objectives of this study are to assess lessons learned, manage, and restore the Tigris, Euphrates, and shatt al-arab river system lifeline in Iraq.

关键词： Mesopotamian shatt al-arab Iraq Tigris Euphrates Baghdad Soil Tunnels Yusifiyah

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Water quality assessment of the shatt al-arab River,Southern Iraq

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2015年第6期 459-465页

作者： Mohammad Salim Moyel Najah Aboud Hussain Department of Marine Environmental Chemistry Marine Science CentreBasrah UniversityBasraIraq Department of Ecology College of ScienceBasrah UniversityBasraIraq

Objective:To assess suitability of the water quality of shatt al-arab River for protection of aquatic life,potable water supply and irrigation ***:The shatt al-arab River was monitored on a monthly basis from July 2009 to June 2010.A water quality index(WQI)was calculated to assess the suitability of water for protection of aquatic life,potable water supply and irrigation uses during the dry season from July to December 2009 and the wet season from January until June ***:The results of the WQI showed that the lowest water quality values were scored during the dry season for all three uses of the *** water quality values were recorded for protection of aquatic life and fair(upstream)to poor(downstream)water quality values were recorded for irrigation ***,the river water was not suitable for potable water supply without elaborate ***:Deterioration of the shatt al-arab water quality has been attributed to reduced freshwater discharges from Tigris and Euphrates Rivers,low annual precipitations and an advancing salt wedge from the arabian ***,a combination of those factors such as low riverine discharge and advancing salt wedge with a continuous discharge of agriculture,oil industry and urban point effluent has polluted the waters and fostered the decline of the shatt al-arab River water quality during the study *** study indicated that application of WQIs was a useful tool to monitor and assess the overall water quality of the shatt al-arab River.

关键词： Water quality assessment Water quality index shatt al-arab River

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Hydro-environmental Characteristics of Seawater around Boubyan Island,Kuwait Using Annual Variations of Seawater Temperature,Salinity and Tide Fluctuations

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Journal of Marine Science 2019年第2期1卷 28-38页

作者： Neelamani Subramaniam Yousef al-Osairi Coastal Management Program Environment and Life Sciences Research CentreKuwait Institute for Scientific ResearchP.O.Box 24885Safat13109Kuwait

The temporal and spatial variations of seawater temperature,salinity,and tidal fluctuations are important parameters for understanding the hydrodynamic,water quality,and marine biological activity in the *** is also important to study and understand the probability and statistical aspects of these parameters for the planning and implementation of different types of marine *** parameters were measured at five different locations around Boubyan Island,Kuwait,for a span of almost one year during *** on the analysis of the measured data,it is found that the seawater salinity has varied from 34.14 to 48.31 *** seawater temperature is also found to vary from 10.83 oC to 35.67 *** seawater level has varied from-2.694 m to 2.378 m with respect to the mean sea *** is found that the peak of the probability density of seawater level is flat valued,whereas the probability density of salinity and seawater temperature is multimodal.A comparison of present and past measured seawater temperatures revealed that in Khor al-Sabiya,the seawater temperature is increasing at the rate of 0.034 oC/year,which clearly indicates the effect of global warming.A similar study reveals that the annual average increase in salinity at Khor al-Sabiya is 0.38 ppt,which clearly indicates a significant reduction of freshwater flow from shatt al-arab into the arabian *** Kuwait is investing in many projects around the Boubyan Island,the results of this study will be useful for the integrated and sustainable development of Boubyan and Failaka Islands in Kuwait.

关键词： shatt al-arab Khor al-Sabiya Khor Abdullah Seawater temperature Salinity Tide

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