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shale gas production evaluation framework based on data-driven models

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Petroleum Science 2023年第3期20卷 1659-1675页

作者： You-Wei He Zhi-Yue He Yong Tang Ying-Jie Xu Ji-Chang Long Kamy Sepehrnoori State Key Laboratoryofiland gas Rseroir Geoogy and Exloitation Southwest Petroleum UniverstyChengdu00SichuanChina Department of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering The University of Texas at AustinAustinTX78712UA

Increasing the production and utilization of shale gas is of great significance for building a clean and low-carbon energy *** decline of gas production has been widely observed in shale gas *** to forecast shale gas production is still challenging due to complex fracture networks,dynamic fracture properties,frac hits,complicated multiphase flow,and multi-scale flow as well as data quality and *** work develops an integrated framework for evaluating shale gas well production based on data-driven ***,a comprehensive dominated-factor system has been established,including geological,drilling,fracturing,and production *** processing and visualization are required to ensure data quality and determine final data set.A shale gas production evaluation model is developed to evaluate shale gas production ***,the random forest algorithm is used to forecast shale gas *** prediction accuracy of shale gas production level is higher than 95%based on the shale gas reservoirs in ***-one wells are randomly selected to predict cumulative gas production using the optimal regression *** proposed shale gas production evaluation frame-work overcomes too many assumptions of analytical or semi-analytical models and avoids huge computation cost and poor generalization for numerical modelling.

关键词： shale gas Production evaluation Production prediction Data-driven models Carbon neutrality

shale gas potential of the lower Silurian hot shales in southern Iran and the Arabian Plate: Characterization of organic geochemistry

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Petroleum 2023年第4期9卷 499-507页

作者： Ali Rahmani Mahsa Naderi Ehsan Hosseiny Petroleum Engineering Department Amirkabir University of Technology(Tehran Polytechnic)TehranIran Department of Mining&Metallurgical Engineering Yazd UniversityYazdIran

A significant phase of global warming appeared during the Llandovery and productive Silurian hot shale was preserved all over the *** lower Silurian shale is the main effective source rock for most of the Paleozoic hydrocarbon in Iran and the Arabian *** hot shales have become prospective resources for new energy such as shale *** regional distribution and shale gas potential of the lower Silurian hot shale in southern Iran and the Arabian plate are determined using outcrops and exploration well samples data from previous *** studied area has a high organic content(on average more than 2%),maximum burial depth is 5300 m,shale thickness of 30-200 m,organic matter maturities(most comparable),clay minerals content ranging from 20%to 57%,quartz content ranges from 20%to 49%,feldspar content ranges from 10%to 15%and calcite content ranges from 1.48%to 5%which all favor shale gas generation and *** concluded that southern Iran and east-central Saudi Arabia are two of the most sustainable and favorable locations for shale gas exploration and production for lower Silurian hot shale after assessing all of the key characteristics.

关键词： Silurian hot shale shale gas Southern Iran Arabian plate Favorable shale gas areas

shale gas Formation and Occurrence in China： An Overview of the Current Status and Future Potential

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2016年第4期90卷 1249-1283页

作者： ZOU Caineng YANG Zhi PAN Songqi CHEN Yanyan LIN Senhu HUANG Jinliang WU Songtao DONG Dazhong WANG Shufang LIANG Feng SUN Shasha HUANG Yong WENG Dingwei Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Langfang Branch of Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Langfang 065007 Hebei China Geosciences and Technology Institute of Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 Sichuan China

shale gas is one of the most promising unconventional resources both in China and abroad. It is known as a form of self-contained source-reservoir system with large and continuous dimensions. Through years of considerable exploration efforts, China has identified three large shale gas fields in the ruling, Changning and Weiyuan areas of the Sichuan Basin, and has announced more than 540 billion m3 of proven shale gas reserves in marine shale systems. The geological theories for shale gas development have progressed rapidly in China as well. For example, the new depositional patterns have been introduced for deciphering the paleogeography and sedimentary systems of the Wufeng shale and Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin. The shale gas storage mechanism has been widely accepted as differing from conventional natural gas in that it is adsorbed on organic matter or a mineral surface or occurs as free gas trapped in pores and fractures of the shale. Significant advances in the techniques of microstructural characterization have provided new insights on how gas molecules are stored in micro- and nano-scale porous shales. Furthermore, newly-developed concepts and practices in the petroleum industry, such as hydraulic fracturing, microseismic monitoring and multiwell horizontal drilling, have made the production of this unevenly distributed but promising unconventional natural gas a reality. China has 10-36 trillion m3 of promising shale gas among the world＇s whole predicted technically recoverable reserves of 206.6 trillion m3. China is on the way to achieving its goal of an annual yield of 30-50 billion m3 by launching more trials within shale gas projects.

关键词： shale gas organic-rich shale unconventional system fine-grained sediments micro-nano pores core area

shale gas Reservoir Evaluation by Geophysical Measurements:A Case Study of the Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian in the Fenggang Block,Northern Guizhou Province

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2021年第4期95卷 1310-1321页

作者： XIA Peng FU Yong GUO Chuan YANG Zhen HUANG Jinqiang MOU Yuliang Resource and Environmental Engineering College Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China Key Laboratory of Geological Resources and the Environment Guizhou UniversityGuivang 550025China College of Eco-Environmental Engineering Guizhou Minzu UniversityGuiyang 550025China

With the aid of geophysical measurements,including seventeen two-dimensional(2 D)seismic lines and the well logging curves of well FGY1,the structure and reservoir characteristics of the Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian strata in the Fenggang block,northern Guizhou Province,were analyzed thoroughly to identify desert areas and favorable *** results show that Longmaxi-Wufeng is the most prospect-rich formation,consisting of a thick succession of overmature black shale,this formation remaining partially in the Suiyang,Fenggang and Jianchaxi *** Longmaxi-Wufeng shale,especially the lower member,was deposited in a reducing low-energy environment with relatively high U content and a low Th/U *** this shale,the organic matter type(sapropelic and humic-sapropelic),total organic carbon(TOC)content,gas content,gas adsorption capacity,vitrinite reflectance and brittle mineral content are profitable for shale gas preservation and *** fractures of this shale were closed because of its high overburden *** gas adsorption capacity of this shale increases with increasing TOC content and *** the Longmaxi-Wufeng Formation at well FGY1,the most favorable intervals are in the depth ranges of 2312.4–2325.1 m and 2325.8–2331.1 m.

关键词： shale gas reservoir property geophysics Longmaxi-Wufeng Guizhou

shale gas reservoir characteristics of Ordovician-Silurian formations in the central Yangtze area, China

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2017年第1期11卷 184-201页

作者： Chang'an SHAN Tingshan ZHANG Yong WEI Zhao ZHANG School of Earth Sciences and Engineering Xi'an Shiyou University Xi'an 710065 China State Key Laboratory of Oil and gas Reservoir Geology and Exploration Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 China School of Geoscience and Technology Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 China Exploration and Development Research Institute Southwest Oil & Gas field Company CNPC Chengdu 610041 China Exploration and Development department Zhejiang Oilfield Company CNPC Hangzhou 310023 China

The characteristics of a shale gas reservoir and the potential of a shale gas resource of Ordovician-Silurian age in the north of the central Yangtze area were determined. Core samples from three wells in the study area were subjected to thin-section examination, scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance testing, X-ray diffraction mineral analysis, total organic carbon （TOC） testing, maturity testing, gas-bearing analysis, and gas component and isothermal adsorption experiments. A favorable segment of the gas shale reservoir was found in both the Wufeng Formation and the lower part of the Longmaxi Formation; these formations were formed from the late Katian to early Rhuddanian. The high-quality shale layers in wells J1, J2, and J3 featured thicknesses of 54.88 m, 48.49 m, and 52.00 m, respectively, and mainly comprised carbonaceous and siliceous shales. Clay and brittle minerals showed average contents of 37.5% and 62.5% （48.9% quartz）, respectively. The shale exhibited type Ⅱ1 kerogens with a vitrinite reflectance ranging from 1.94% to 3.51%. TOC contents of 0.22%-6.05% （average, 2.39%） were also observed. The reservoir spaces mainly included micropores and microfractures and were characterized by low porosity and permeability. Well J3 showed generally high gas contents, i.e., 1.12-3.16 m^3/t （average 2.15 m^3/t）, and its gas was primarily methane. The relatively thick black shale reservoir featured high TOC content, high organic material maturity, high brittle mineral content, high gas content, low porosity, and low permeability. shale gas adsorption was positively correlated with TOC content and organic maturity, weakly positive correlated with quartz content, and weakly negatively correlated with clay content. Therefore, the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations in the north of the central Yangtze area have a good potential for shale gas exploration.

关键词： reservoir characteristic shale gas Upper Ordovician Lower Silurian central Yangtze area

Analysis on nonlinear effect of unsteady percolation in the inhomogeneous shale gas reservoir

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2020年第1期41卷 105-122页

作者： Xinchun SHANG Jiaxuan LIU Xuhua GAO Weiyao ZHU Department of Applied Mechanics University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China Institute of Applied Mechanics University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China

The nonlinear effects of unsteady multi-scale shale gas percolation,such as desorption,slippage,diffusion,pressure-dependent viscosity,and compressibility,are investigated by numerical simulation.A new general mathematical model of the problem is built,in which the Gaussian distribution is used to describe the inhomogeneous intrinsic *** on the Boltzmann transformation,an efficient semi-analytical method is *** problem is then converted into a nonlinear equation in an integral form for the pressure field,and a related explicit iteration scheme is constructed by numerical *** validation examples show that the proposed method has good convergence,and the simulation results also agree well with the results obtained from both numerical and actual data of two vertical fractured test wells in the ***,slippage,and diffusion have significant influence on shale gas *** accuracy of the usual technique that the product of viscosity and compressibility is approximated as its value at the average formation pressure is examined.

关键词： shale gas nonlinear effect inhomogeneous permeability unsteady percolation mathematical model semi-analytical method

shale gas accumulation conditions and gas-bearing characteristics of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Well Changye-1 in northwestern Hunan Province

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Petroleum Research 2016年第2期1卷 205-212页

作者： Tuo Lin Shujing Bao Jinchuan Zhang Zhi Zhou Kun Yuan Bo Li Shengyu Yang Oil and gas Survey China Geological SurveyBeijing 100037China Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education Wuhan 430074China School of Energy Resources China University of GeoscienceBeijing 100083China China Huadian Engineering Co. Ltd.Beijing 100035China

To evaluate the accumulation conditions and gas-bearing properties of shale gas in the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation,northwestern Hunan Province,the first shale gas parameter well(Well Changye-1)that takes the Niutitang Formation as the target horizon in the Hunan Province was selected preferably and drilled,cumulatively revealing the thickest dark shale horizon of the Niutitang Formation among the single-well drillings in China,with a true vertical thickness of *** analyzing the core samples in terms of organic geochemistry,rock mineralogy and reservoir properties,the black shale horizons in the Niutitang Formation of Well Changye-1 have high organic carbon content(average 3.9%),moderate maturity(equivalent Ro average 2.6%),high brittle mineral content(quartz content average 50.1%),low clay mineral content(average 32.4%),low porosity(1.7%)and low permeability(1.32×10^(-3)mD),and well-developed meso to micro-pores and fractures,indicating good conditions for shale gas *** desorption and laboratory isothermal adsorption measurements on core samples show that Well Changye-1 has good gas-bearing properties,and gas content generally increases with *** black shale horizons at the depth of 1100-1250m have an average organic carbon content up to 10.1%,total gas content of 0.5-2.1m^(3)/t and 3.7-6.4m^(3)/t,and this is the most favorable depth for shale gas development,indicating that the Niutitang Formation has good a prospect for shale gas *** to huge sedimentary thickness,the black shale in the middle-lower part of the Niutitang Formation should be given priority for exploration.

关键词： shale gas gas-bearing properties Niutitang Formation Well Changye-1 northwestern Hunan

Experimental and numerical simulation study on the erosion behavior of the elbow of gathering pipeline in shale gas field

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Petroleum Science 2024年第2期21卷 1257-1274页

作者： En-Bin Liu Shen Huang Ding-Chao Tian Lai-Min Shi Shan-Bi Peng He Zheng Petroleum Engineering School Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500SichuanChina Chongqing Natural gas Sales Center Natural Gas BranchSinopecChongqing400023China Zhejiang Zheneng Natural gas Operation Co. Ltd.Hangzhou 310000ZhejiangChina School of Civil Engineering and Architecture Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500SichuanChina Louisiana Tech Univ Trenchless Technol Ctr599 Dan Reneau DrRustonLA71270USA Southwest Oil and gas Field Branch Natural gas Research Institute Chengdu 610213SichuanChina

During the production period of shale gas, proppant particles and rock debris are produced together,which will seriously erode the elbows of gathering pipelines. In response to this problem, this paper takes the elbow of the gathering pipeline in the Changning shale gas Field as an example to test the erosion rate and material removal mechanism of the test piece at different angles of the elbow through experiments and compares the four erosion models with the experimental results. Through analysis, it is found that the best prediction model for quartz sand-carbon steel erosion is the Oka model. Based on the Oka model, FLUENT software was used to simulate and analyze the law of erosion of the elbow of the gas gathering pipeline under different gas flow velocities, gas gathering pressure, particle size, length of L1,and bending directions of the elbow. And a spiral pipeline structure is proposed to reduce the erosion rate of the elbow under the same working conditions. The results show that this structure can reduce erosion by 34%.

关键词： shale gas gas gathering pipeline Elbow Erosion CFD

Molecular mechanism of adsorption/desorption hysteresis:dynamics of shale gas in nanopores

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Science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2017年第1期60卷 24-31页

作者： Jie Chen FengChao Wang He Liu HengAn Wu CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials Department of Modern Mechanics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230027 China PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development Beijing 100083 China

Understanding the adsorption and desorption behavior of methane has received considerable attention since it is one of the crucial aspects of the exploitation of shale ***,obvious hysteresis is observed from the ideally reversible physical sorption of methane in some ***,the underlying mechanism still remains an open *** this study,Monte Carlo(MC) and molecular dynamics(MD) simulations are carried out to explore the molecular mechanisms of adsorption/desorption ***,a detailed analysis about the capillary condensation of methane in micropores is *** influence of pore width,surface strength,and temperature on the hysteresis loop is further *** is found that a disappearance of hysteresis occurs above a temperature *** with the phase diagram of methane,we explicitly point out that capillary condensation is inapplicable for the hysteresis of shale gas under normal temperature ***,a new mechanism,variation of pore throat size,is proposed and *** methane to pass through the throat,a certain energy is required due to the repulsive *** required energy increases with shrinkage of the throat,such that the originally adsorbed methane cannot escape through the narrowed *** trapped methane molecules account for the ***,the hysteresis loop is found to increase with the increasing pressure and decreasing *** suggest that the variation of pore throat size can explain the adsorption/desorption hysteresis of shale *** conclusions and findings are of great significance for guiding the efficient exploitation of shale gas.

关键词： shale gas adsorption/desorption hysteresis numerical simulation capillary condensation pore throat