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Multicriteria Assessment of Various Onsite Wastewater Treatment Options for Nigeria

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2014年第2期5卷 135-143页

作者： Chidozie Charles Nnaji Chinedu Ekechukwu Fortune Onyia Christopher Afangideh Department of Civil Engineering Akwa Ibom State University Mkpat-Enin Nigeria Department of Civil Engineering University of Nigeria Nsukka Nigeria

Eight onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) were evaluated for suitability of application in Nigeria for efficient treatment and disposal of domestic wastewater, using analytic network process (ANP). Ten location related risks were used as criteria in the decision making process. Expert views were used to obtain pairwise comparison matrices of the OWTSs with respect to the criteria. Saaty’s Super Decision Software was used to complete the ranking process. The order of ranking obtained was as follows: septic tank with absorption field (0.1502) > septic tank with soakaway (0.142) > composting toilet (0.128) > septic tank with sand filter (0.125) > septic tank with constructed wetland (0.12) > septic tank with holding tank (0.12) > septic tank with mound system (0.118) > septic tank with recirculating sand filter (0.096). However, when the costs and life spans of these systems were incorporated into the ranks, and considering other factors, the septic tank with absorption field stood out as the best option. A simple sensitivity analysis shows that depth to water table, proximity to drinking water, susceptibility to flooding and proximity to large roots have the highest influence on the ranks of OWTSs.

关键词： septic Tank Wastewater Contamination Analytic Network Process Risks

Wastewater Management in Third World Cities: Case Study of Cotonou, Benin

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2014年第5期5卷 387-399页

作者： Sena Peace Hounkpe Edmond Codjo Adjovi Martin Crapper Esi Awuah Civil Engineering Department Université d’Abomey-Calavi Cotonou Benin Department of Civil Engineering Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana School of Engineering The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK

Poor wastewater management coupled with lack of sanitation facilities has aggravated the sanitation challenges in developing countries.?This study was aimed at providing information on the current state of sanitation in Cotonou City through surveys. The most common sanitation facilities in the city were septic tanks, latrines and soakaway pits. Mechanical desulging was mainly used (94%) for desludging latrines and septic tanks with a frequency of less than once a year for 73% of the houses;manual desludging was most common for soakaway pits. 84% of sullage generated is disposed without treatment. The only existing stabilization pond plant, managed by a private company SIBEAU, is overloaded;the effluent is poor (up to 2250mg/l BOD5) and does not meet any quality standards. 96% of survey respondents recognise that the sanitation situation in the city is not good;it has to be improved by providing an appropriate and sustainable sanitation management system.

关键词： Urban Sanitation septic tanks Soakaway Pits Latrines Desludging Wastewater Treatment Developing World Cities

The Common Complications and Comorbidities among Saudi Diabetic Patients in Northern Saudi Arabia

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Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases 2017年第7期7卷 151-161页

作者： Abdulrahman Khaled Alshaya Abdulaziz Khaled Alsayegh Hamoud Khaled Alshaya Bassam Ahmed Almutlaq Nshmiah S. G. Alenazi Hanan M. A. Al Rasheedi Sultan K. M. Albaqawi Noor K. S. Alshammari Abdelmuhsin Omer Hassan Hussain Gadelkarim Ahmed College of Medicine University of Hail Hail KSA

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM), is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period with great harmful consequences, including cardiovascular and neurological complications, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, the objective of this study was to find out the common complications and comorbidities among diabetic Saudi patients in Northern Saudi Arabia. Methodology: Records of 50 diabetic patients were retrieved from King Khalid Hospital, Hail, Saudi Arabia. Different complications and comorbidities were documented and investigated. Results: Peripheral neuropath, retinopathy, diabetic septic foot, and amputation were identified among 40%, 38%, 14%, and 4%, correspondingly. Out of the 50 patients, 12 (24%), 18 (36%) and 8 (16%) were detected with thyroid diseases, dyslipidemia and renal complications, respectively. Conclusion: Hypertension, peripheral neuropathy, dyslipidemia, retinopathy, kidney complications and diabetic septic food represent the major complications and/or comorbidities among diabetic Saudi patients in northern Saudi Arabia. These complications and/or comorbidities must be well thought-out in epidemiological studies, so as to display disease burden and quality of diabetes care.

关键词： Diabetes Mellitus Comorbidity Peripheral Neuropath Retinopathy Diabetic septic Saudi Arabia

Implementing Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines and Mortality of Adult Patients in Intensive Care Units: An Integrative Review

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Open Journal of Nursing 2019年第10期9卷 1054-1072页

作者： Saleh Al Omar Inaam Khalaf Jafar Alasad Alshraideh School of Nursing The University of Jordan Amman Jordan

Background: Sepsis is a common dangerous body response to infection that can deteriorate into septic shock. Both sepsis and septic shock require early and timely managed care, which can be implemented by using the Surviving Sepsis Campaign (SSC) guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock. The purpose of this study was to examine the literature related to the effect of implementing SSC guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock on adult patients’ mortality rate in Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Methods: The method of Whittemore and Knafl was used to guide this integrative literature review. The literature search revealed 16 eligible quantitative research studies between 2004 and 2018. The quality of methods used in the included articles was assessed and data were analyzed. Results: Results showed that implementing SSC guidelines reduced the mortality rate among adult patients in ICUs. In addition, implementing selected practices from SSC guidelines, such as collecting blood cultures and administration of a broad-spectrum antibiotic and vasopressors were found to decrease the mortality rate among adult patients in ICUs. The SSC guidelines need to be taught to nurses and nursing students to increase their awareness and capability of implementing these guidelines in clinical practice.

关键词： Sepsis septic Shock Mortality SSC Guidelines

Intracranial hemorrhagic embolus

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Journal of Acute Disease 2017年第1期6卷 45-46页

作者： Yu-Hang Yeh Yu-Jang Su Department of Emergency Medicine Taipei City HospitalZhongxing BranchTaipeiTaiwan Department of Emergency Medicine Mackay Memorial HospitalNo.92Sec 2Chung-Shan North RdTaipei 10449Taiwan Department of Oral Hygiene College of Oral MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan Department of Medicine Mackay Medical CollegeNew Taipei CityTaiwan Mackay Junior College of Medicine Nursing and ManagementTaipeiTaiwan

A febrile and unconscious man was sent to our emergency department. On physical examinations, some dark red ecchymosis/discoloration over the trunk and track mark in the left-sided groin region were seen. Brain CT scan showed septic emboli complicated with hemorrhage. Chest X-ray revealed pulmonary emboli. Aortic valve vegetation was found by echocardiography. Although aggressive treatment and resuscitation were taken, he died of methicillin-sensitiveStaphylococcus aureus sepsis and multiple organ failure. Intravenous drug users are susceptible to right-sided infective endocarditis. In our case, left-sided infective endocarditis with lung and brain embolism resulting in fatality was relatively uncommon. Review of literature was also made for this article.

关键词： Infective endocarditis septic embolus Methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Aortic valve Intravenous drug user

Splenectomy in the Surgery Department “A” at the University Hospital Point G Bamako

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Surgical Science 2019年第10期10卷 347-354页

作者： O. Sacko M. Sissoko S. Koumaré L. Soumaré M. Camara S. Keita S. Diallo D. Dakouo M. Coulibaly A. Diakité M. Traoré G. Soumaré A. F. Traoré B. Touré M. Diallo M. Konaté A. Koné Y. Dianessy B. Traoré A. Koita Sanogo Zimogo Department of Surgery “A” University Hospital of Point G Bamako Mali Department of Surgery “B” University Hospital of Point G Bamako Mali Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics University Hospital of Point G Bamako Mali Department of Internal Medicine University Hospital of Point G Bamako Mali Department of Hematologie University Hospital of Point G Bamako Mali Reference Health Center of Commune 6 Bamako Mali.

We conducted a retrospective study that included patients with erythrocyte and hemolytic pathology justifying a splenectomy and patients presenting splenic trauma for which hemostasis splenectomy is required. We performed 27 total splenectomy in which 26 are by laparotomy (92.86%) and 1 by laparoscopy (3.57%). A partial splenectomy was performed by laparoscopy. The morbidity was marked by 2 cases of infectious syndrome and 1 case severe anemia. The mortality was 7.14% (n = 2). Splenectomy is part of the therapeutic arsenal for benign or malignant hematological disorders that constitute the main indication for elective splenectomy. Splenectomy was one of the most common operations in abdominal surgery. During the past decade, an increased rate of late complications, specially septic and thromboembolic complications are well documented. The risk is related to the indication of splenectomy, and is less than 1% in adults without immunodeficiency. However, these overwhelming postsplenectomy infections are associated with a high mortality rate. The best treatment of these infections is preventive measures which are based on vaccination and education of asplenic patients.

关键词： Splenectomy Hematology septic Complication Vaccination

Cysteine Supplementation to Parenteral Nutrition Improves Red Blood Cell Glutathione Concentrations of Critically Ill Preterm Neonates

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2018年第5期9卷 619-631页

作者： Oscar R. Herrera Michael C. Storm Emma M. Tillman Richard A. Helms Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis USA State of Tennessee Center for Pediatric Experimental Therapeutics Memphis USA Department of Pediatrics University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis USA

Premature neonates have immature antioxidant enzyme systems rendering them more susceptible to oxidative injury. One key antioxidant is glutathione (GSH). The rate limiting amino acid (AA) in GSH production is thought to be cysteine. Critically ill premature neonates who are parenterally fed are often supplemented with additional cysteine, yet the need for cysteine and optimal dose is unknown. This was a prospective, un-blinded, three-group, randomized crossover study aimed to evaluate three doses of cysteine by analyzing red blood cell (RBC) GSH, plasma AA, weight, and nitrogen balance. Neonates were randomized to receive 72 hours of each of the following cysteine doses: 10 mg/g AA, 20 mg/g AA, and 40 mg/g AA. GSH, plasma AAs, weight, and nitrogen balance were evaluated at baseline (after 72 hours of 0 mg/g AA), day three, day six, and day nine. Sixteen patients completed all doses of cysteine, which resulted in significantly increased RBC GSH concentrations over baseline. Plasma concentrations of cystine, total and free cysteine/cystine, glycine and serine increased with cysteine dose. All cysteine doses were associated with adequate weight gain, and positive nitrogen balance. These results are contrary to more recent studies of cysteine effect on RBC GSH concentrations in preterm neonates and infants, but may reflect the severity of illness in our study subjects, where cysteine requirements may be increased.

关键词： Cysteine Protein Sulfur Amino Acid Pediatric Parenteral Nutrition septic

Metals Assessments in the Water Bodies of Sagarmatha National Park and Buffer Zone, Nepal

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2014年第2期6卷 68-74页

作者： Narayan Prasad Ghimire Bharat Babu Shrestha Pramod Kumar Jha Gianumberto Caravello Central Department of Botany Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal Department of Environment health and hygiene Padova University Padova Italy

Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park (SNP) of Nepal is a popular international eco-touristic destination. In the last few years, tourist flow has increased tremendously generating anthropogenic pressure on natural environment. Generation of huge solid waste, open defecation and poor septic tank condition of toilets have been considered as the major sources of pollution to water bodies in the area. Heavy metals, such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium and mercury, are important environmental pollutants, particularly in areas with high anthropogenic pressure. Their presence in the atmosphere, soil and water, even in traces can cause serious problems to all organisms, and heavy metal bioaccumulation in the food chain especially can be highly dangerous to human health. Heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Mn, Fe and Zn) and metals (Na, Mg) were analyzed. Thirty nine (13 samples in each year) water samples were collected from river and springs to assess the water quality in the SNP and its buffer zone. Water quality in the SNP has been found degraded in terms of heavy metals;particularly Na and Mg contents were found higher when compared with the earlier report. Iron content in 46% samples was found more than WHO and Nepalese standard for drinking water. The river water quality in general still stands good in terms of standard for drinking water (WHO, Nepal standard) however degradation process has accelerated.

关键词： Water Quality Solid Waste Tourism Open Defecation Anthropogenic Pressure Poor septic Tank

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脓毒症相关性脑病的研究进展

临床麻醉学杂志 2016年第7期32卷 717-720页

作者：唐会罗丹纪木火杨建军南京大学医学院临床学院/南京军区南京总医院麻醉科 210002 东南大学附属中大医院麻醉科

脓毒症相关性脑病（sepsis-associated encephalopathy,SAE）是脓毒症患者严重的中枢神经系统并发症,指大脑在没有直接感染的临床或实验室证据前提下,因全身感染引起的弥漫性或多灶性脑功能障碍[1]。SAE病情从谵妄到深昏迷,以行为、认... 详细信息

脓毒症相关性脑病（sepsis-associated encephalopathy,SAE）是脓毒症患者严重的中枢神经系统并发症,指大脑在没有直接感染的临床或实验室证据前提下,因全身感染引起的弥漫性或多灶性脑功能障碍[1]。SAE病情从谵妄到深昏迷,以行为、认知、觉醒和意识改变为特征,且相当比例的患者存在长期认知功能障等[1]。

关键词：脓毒症休克脑病 encephalopathy 认知功能 septic sepsis 大脑组织脑功能弥漫性血脑屏障