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Energy Metabolism and Allocation in selfish Immune System and Brain: A Beneficial Role of Insulin Resistance in Aging

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2019年第1期10卷 64-80页

作者： Ali Almajwal Iftikhar Alam Falak Zeb Sadia Fatima Clinical Nutrition Department of Community Health Sciences College of Applied Medical Sciences King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics Bacha Khan University Charsadda Charsadda Pakistan Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene School of Public Health Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China Department of Biochemistry Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Khyber Medical University Peshawar Pakistan

There is relatively limited knowledge concerning our understanding of how our immune system and brain take most of the available energy in a selfish manner to compensate for their own needs on priority in high energy demanding situations. The main objective of this review is to understand the energy allocation to immune system and brain in infections and/or fight or flight situations. The immune system and brain behave in a selfish manner as they allocate themselves majority of the total available energy. Insulin resistance (IR) is used as a tool for energy allocation by these systems. The immune system is activated as a response to stress and infection. Similarly, the brain gets activated as a response to any external environmental impulse, anxiety, and/or mental factor. These situations need to be dealt in a way to minimize their adverse health effects. The immune system and the brain in such situations need enormous energy for activation which is derived from the energy quota otherwise allocated to other organs. This maximum flux of energy towards these systems is achieved by making rest of the organs less responsive to insulin, a condition known as IR. As immune system and brain do not depend upon insulin for uptake of glucose, these systems are benefited from IR. IR is indicated as a beneficial role ensuring maximum energy allocation to these systems for improving health and well-being.

关键词： selfish Immune System selfish Brain Energy Balance Insulin Resistance

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Classification of selfish and Regular Nodes Based on Reputation Values in MANET Using Adaptive Decision Boundary

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Communications and Network 2013年第3期5卷 185-191页

作者： Amir Khusru Akhtar G. Sahoo Department of Computer Science and Engineering Cambridge Institute of Technology Ranchi India

A MANET is a cooperative network in which each node has dual responsibilities of forwarding and routing thus node strength is a major factor because a lesser number of nodes reduces network performance. The existing reputation based methods have limitation due to their stricter punishment strategy because they isolate nodes from network participation having lesser reputation value and thus reduce the total strength of nodes in a network. In this paper we have proposed a mathematical model for the classification of nodes in MANETs using adaptive decision boundary. This model classifies nodes in two classes: selfish and regular node as well as it assigns the grade to individual nodes. The grade is computed by counting how many passes are required to classify a node and it is used to define the punishment strategy as well as enhances the reputation definition of traditional reputation based mechanisms. Our work provides the extent of noncooperation that a network can allow depending on the current strength of nodes for the given scenario and thus includes selfish nodes in network participation with warning messages. We have taken a leader node for reputation calculation and classification which saves energy of other nodes as energy is a major challenge of MANET. The leader node finally sends the warning message to low grade nodes and broadcasts the classification list in the MANET that is considered in the routing activity.

关键词： MANETs Regular Node selfish Node Adaptive Decision Boundary Feature Value Noncooperation

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Utility-Based Node Cooperation Mechanism in Wireless Sensor Networks

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International Journal of Communications, Network and System Sciences 2013年第5期6卷 236-243页

作者： Xiaohui Lin Junling Zhang Can Hu Yide Huang Bin Chen Ning Xie Hui Wang Shenzhen Key Lab of Advanced Communications and Information Processing Faculty of Information Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen China

In wireless sensor networks, due to the energy and resource constraints, nodes may be unwilling to forward packets for their neighbors. This can render severe deteriorations in the network performance and malfunctions of the system. To tackle such selfish behaviors and enhance the cooperation among sensors, based on reputation and energy consumption of each node, we present a utility function to punish the malicious nodes and encourage cooperation among nodes. Specifically, we firstly give a mixed strategy Nash equilibrium solution for the two nodes. Then we extend the model to multi-nodes scenario. With the unity function, each sensor’s reputation is evaluated according to its degree of cooperation. The extensive simulation results have shown the effectiveness of the mechanism, in that the cooperative behaviors are encouraged, which can ensure the normal functioning of the network system.

关键词： Wireless Sensor Networks selfish Node Game Theory Reputation Energy

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The Main Characters' effect on the Tragical Ending of Tess D'Urbervilles in Tess of the D'Urbervilles

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海外英语 2015年第10期 176-177页

作者：吕元斌本溪市卫生学校

Undoubtedly,Tess of the D'Urbervilles,the masterpiece of Thomas Hardy,is a precious diamond shining in the *** Tess' s short and miserable life,the main characters Alec,Angel,her parents and even herself directly lead toher tragical *** thesis will analyze those people's characters detailedly and ***,it will explain howthey influence and change Tess ***' s destiny is thoroughly changed when she accidentally meets *** owns Tess byunlawful sexual intercourse due to his man's selfish ***,when Tess tells Angel her experience with Alec and her baby,hetotally collapsed,disappointed,distressed and his open-minded behavior *** angel is so man-centered that he consid-ers his dignity and advantages in the first *** parents are incapable,ignorant and vainglorious and ***' shonesty,sincerity and dignity also lead to her *** she has no way to take care of her family,she doesn't choose to con-tact Angel but go back to Alec's bosom because she thinks that Angel has decided to terminate their *** all abovementioned,people are social animal and always receive their surrounding's impact on them whether actively or ***-ing Tess' s short and desperate life,the people she has recognized or contacted with are *** main characters,Alec,An-gel,Tess' s parents and herself directly lead to her tragical destiny.

关键词： selfish man-centered honesty desperate

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An Analysis of the Grandmother in "A Good Man Is Hard to Find"

An Analysis of the Grandmother in "A Good Man Is Hard to Fin...

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作者：苏丽娟四川师范大学文理学院

This paper tries to analyze the Grandmother in " A Good Man Is Hard to Find" in such an impression that she is a petty,cantankerous,and overbearing individual,who leaves us to wresde with the contradiction between the ideal and the reality of the human *** a moment of grace arrives in the middle of trouble,the outcome is not only dependent on grace itself but also on the human ability and decision to support it.

关键词： the Grandmother Grace selfish talkative

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达尔文功利主义自然选择学说新解

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科学技术哲学 2009年第9期 25-32页

作者：杨国利

达尔文的进化论范式中有五大理论，自然选择学说只是其中之一。达尔文的贡献在于用功利主义解释生物进化。其关于生物本能是利己性的，自然选择的路径、动力、方向和标准也是利己性的观点是与事实不相符合的，是可以被证伪的。本文提出... 详细信息

达尔文的进化论范式中有五大理论，自然选择学说只是其中之一。达尔文的贡献在于用功利主义解释生物进化。其关于生物本能是利己性的，自然选择的路径、动力、方向和标准也是利己性的观点是与事实不相符合的，是可以被证伪的。本文提出：生物是具有利他和利己的双重本能，自然选择的动力、方向和标准是在利他和利己之间获得平衡、稳定和和谐。自然法则的工作机制是维护整体的平衡、和谐与稳定。

关键词：自然选择利他性利己性本能 natural selection altruism selfish biological instinct

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性格引发悲剧——对《呼啸山庄》中凯瑟琳的性格分析(英文)

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语文学刊(教育版) 2008年第15期 60-61页

作者：任婕李若白内蒙古农业大学外国语学院

《呼啸山庄》是部悲剧色彩很浓的小说,笔者着重从分析女主人公凯瑟琳的性格入手,试图诠释整部小说悲剧产生的原因。因为凯瑟琳善良,才对席斯克里夫由怜悯而生爱;又因为她虚荣、自私而且自傲,她背叛了她的爱情嫁给了爱德加。最终凯瑟琳... 详细信息

《呼啸山庄》是部悲剧色彩很浓的小说,笔者着重从分析女主人公凯瑟琳的性格入手,试图诠释整部小说悲剧产生的原因。因为凯瑟琳善良,才对席斯克里夫由怜悯而生爱;又因为她虚荣、自私而且自傲,她背叛了她的爱情嫁给了爱德加。最终凯瑟琳成为所有悲剧的导火线,每一个原本纯真的人都被卷了进来,他们的爱和人性都在那个时刻被冰冻了起来。

关键词： Catherine Heathcliff Edgar revenge tragedy vanity selfish

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概念隐喻在英语阅读教学中的运用研究

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英语广场（学术研究） 2017年第11期 111-112页

作者：李建英四川文理学院

在阅读的过程中,读者往往需要激活与文章内容相应的感知和运动形象,但由于学生自身经历的局限,很多时候学生很难有相应的感知和运动形象。本文拟从概念隐喻的角度出发,以The selfish Giant为例,培养学生从有限的形象引申,以理解抽象的... 详细信息

在阅读的过程中,读者往往需要激活与文章内容相应的感知和运动形象,但由于学生自身经历的局限,很多时候学生很难有相应的感知和运动形象。本文拟从概念隐喻的角度出发,以The selfish Giant为例,培养学生从有限的形象引申,以理解抽象的阅读内容的能力,帮助学生从阅读中构建更多的感知和运动形象。

关键词：概念隐喻 The selfish Giant 源域目标域

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