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Improving self-supply of Urban Water and Sanitation Projects through Microfinancing in Nigeria

Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2018年第2期6卷 20-33页

作者： Emma E. Ezenwaji Everistus U. Anyaeze Anthony U. Nwafor Department of Geography and Meteorology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Environmental Management Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Civil Engineering Federal Polytechnic Oko Nigeria

Most water and sanitation projects in poor neighbourhood of urban Nigeria are executed through self-supply option. This is defined as an incremental improvement of WASH products e.g. water and sanitation structures by a household or small group of households which are financed by their own effort and investment. It is indeed a concept which complements conventional water supply and sanitation funded by government. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to investigate the extent of the use of innovative financing especially group saving approach to improve water and sanitation projects in Awka town, Nigeria. Towards achieving the aim, data were collected through questionnaires which were designed and administered on the respondents between January and April, 2016 and from other secondary sources. Data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis and Component scores to establish the extent of the use of this option in the 9 component quarters of the town. Result shows that some quarters have perfected using the self-supply option while in others, it is yet to be widely accepted. It is finally recommended among others that the urban water policy as well as urban water safety plan should be revised to include the option as a way of improving domestic water supply and sanitation in the town.

关键词： Water Sanitation Households Innovative self-supply

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Programmable double-unlock nanocomplex self-supplies phenylalanine ammonia-lyase for precise phenylalanine deprivation of tumors

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2024年第8期35卷 455-459页

作者： Chunqing Ou Meijia Xiao Xinyue Zheng Xianzhou Huang Suleixin Yang Yingying Leng Xiaowei Liu Xiuqi Liang Linjiang Song Yanjie You Shaohua Yao Changyang Gong Department of Biotherapy Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengdu 610041China State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Medical SciencesUniversity of MacaoAvenida da UniversidadeTaipaMacao 999087China School of Medical and Life Sciences Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu 611137China Department of Gastroenterology People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous RegionYinchuan 750002China

Essential amino acids(EAAs)deprivation is a potential antitumor approach because EAAs are critical for tumor *** efficiently inhibit tumor growth,continuous deprivation of EAAs is required,how-ever,continuous deprivation without precise control will introduce toxicity to normal ***,a programmable double-unlock nanocomplex(ROCK)was prepared,which could self-supply phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL)to tumor cells for phenylalanine(Phe)*** was double-locked in physiological conditions when administered *** ROCK actively targeted to tumor cells by integrinαvβ3/5 and CD44,ROCK was firstly unlocked by cleavage of protease on tumor cell membrane,exposing CendR and R8 to enhance ***,hyaluronic acid was digested by hyaluronidase overexpressed in endo/lysosome of tumor cells,in which ROCK was secondly unlocked,resulting in pro-moting endo/lysosome escape and PAL plasmid(pPAL)*** pPAL could sustainably express PAL in host tumor cells until the self-supplied PAL precisely and successfully deprived Phe,thereby block-ing the protein synthesis and killing tumor cells ***,our precise Phe deprivation strategy effectively inhibited tumor growth with no observable toxicity to normal cells,providing new insights to efficiently remove intratumoral nutrition for cancer therapy.

关键词： Programmable double-unlock Essential amino acids deprivation Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase self-supply Gene therapy

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