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Effects of wind speed,underlying surface,and seed morphological traits on the secondary seed dispersal in the Tengger Desert,China

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Journal of Arid Land 2024年第4期16卷 531-549页

作者： QU Wenjie ZHAO Wenzhi YANG Xinguo WANG Lei ZHANG Xue QU Jianjun Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China Key Laboratory of Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystems in Northwestern China of Ministry of Education Ningxia UniversityYinchuan 750021China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China School of Ecology and Environment Ningxia UniversityYinchuan 750021China

The maintenance of sand-fixing vegetation is important for the stability of artificial sand-fixing systems in which seed dispersal plays a key role.Based on field wind tunnel experiments using 11 common plant species on the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert,China,we studied the secondary seed dispersal in the fixed and semi-fixed sand dunes as well as in the mobile dunes in order to understand the limitations of vegetation regeneration and the maintenance of its stability.Our results indicated that there were significant variations among the selected 11 plant species in the threshold of wind speed(TWS).The TWS of Caragana korshinskii was the highest among the 11 plant species,whereas that of Echinops gmelinii was the lowest.seed morphological traits and underlying surface could generally explain the TWS.During the secondary seed dispersal processes,the proportions of seeds that did not disperse(no dispersal)and only dispersed over short distance(short-distance dispersal within the wind tunnel test section)were significantly higher than those of seeds that were buried(including lost seeds)and dispersed over long distance(long-distance dispersal beyond the wind tunnel test section).Compared with other habitats,the mobile dunes were the most difficult places for secondary seed dispersal.Buried seeds were the easiest to be found in the semi-fixed sand dunes,whereas fixed sand dunes were the best sites for seeds that dispersed over long distance.The results of linear mixed models showed that after controlling the dispersal distance,smaller and rounder seeds dispersed farther.Shape index and wind speed were the two significant influencing factors on the burial of seeds.The explanatory power of wind speed,underlying surface,and seed morphological traits on the seeds that did not disperse and dispersed over short distance was far greater than that on the seeds that were buried and dispersed over long distance,implying that the processes and mechanisms of burial and long-distance dispersal are more complex.In summar

关键词： seed dispersal seed morphological traits wind speed vegetation regeneration wind tunnel Tengger Desert

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Modeling Analysis of Factors Influencing Wind-Borne seed dispersal: A Case Study on Dandelion

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2024年第4期15卷 252-267页

作者： Kemeng Xue Beijing No. 4 High School International Campus Beijing China

A weed is a plant that thrives in areas of human disturbance, such as gardens, fields, pastures, waysides, and waste places where it is not intentionally cultivated. dispersal affects community dynamics and vegetation response to global change. The process of seed disposal is influenced by wind, which plays a crucial role in determining the distance and probability of seed dispersal. Existing models of seed dispersal consider wind direction but fail to incorporate wind intensity. In this paper, a novel seed disposal model was proposed in this paper, incorporating wind intensity based on relevant references. According to various climatic conditions, including temperate, arid, and tropical regions, three specific regions were selected to establish a wind dispersal model that accurately reflects the density function distribution of dispersal distance. Additionally, dandelions growth is influenced by a multitude of factors, encompassing temperature, humidity, climate, and various environmental variables that necessitate meticulous consideration. Based on Factor Analysis model, which completely considers temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, wind, and land carrying capacity, a conclusion is presented, indicating that the growth of seeds is primarily influenced by plant attributes and climate conditions, with the former exerting a relatively stronger impact. Subsequently, the remaining two plants were chosen based on seed weight, yielding consistent conclusion.

关键词： seed dispersal Wind Intensity Climatic Effect Factor Analysis Model

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seed dispersal in Hong Kong,China:past,present and possible futures

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Integrative Zoology 2011年第2期6卷 97-109页

作者： Richard T.CORLETT Department of Biological Sciences National University of SingaporeSingapore

In the present article,published and unpublished information regarding seed dispersal in the degraded landscape of Hong Kong,China,is reviewed.Information was available for 1681 native plant species,of which 1165 were assigned to probable seed dispersal modes.Endozoochory accounted for one-third(34.4%)of all species evaluated,half(54.4%)of those from forests,and more than two-thirds(69.2%)of all trees and tall shrubs.Wind dispersal(25.9%)and dispersal by an unknown agent(30.7%)accounted for most of the rest,with the unknown species mostly small-seeded herbs.Although the frugivore fauna of the Hong Kong region has been truncated since the late Pleistocene,there are few clear examples of failed mutualisms.The most striking is the absence of scatter-hoarding rodents from Hong Kong,despite the presence of forest trees that appear to require them for effective dispersal.There are also some large Lauraceae fruits that appear to be targeted at larger-gaped birds than currently present.Most endozoochorous species are dispersed by 3 small passerine birds(Pycnonotus jocosus,P.sinensis,and Zosterops japonicus),with larger birds,fruit bats(Cynopterus sphinx,Rousettus leschenaulti),rhesus macaques(Macaca mulatta),civets(Paguma larvata,Viverricula indica),and muntjacs(Muntiacus muntjac)accounting for the remainder.The low plant diversity in frugivore droppings,seed traps,and secondary vegetation suggests plant succession may be dispersal limited,although this has not been investigated experimentally.Planting underdispersed species is the simplest solution but,in the longer term,the(re)introduction of a scatter-hoarding rodent should be considered as well as that of other locally and regionally extinct frugivores.

关键词： China extinctions frugivory reintroduction seed dispersal

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seed dispersal of Citharexylum tetramerum and Ziziphus penduculata by Carnivorous in a Xerophilous Scrub at Tehuacan, Puebla, Mexico

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2023年第9期14卷 977-987页

作者： González-Pérez Adrián Miguel A. Armella Maria de Lourdes Yáñez-López María de Lourdes Martinez-Cárdenas José Alejandro Zavala-Hurtado Department of Biology Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa Iztapalapa Ciudad de Mexico Mexico Department of Biotechnology Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa Iztapalapa Ciudad de Mexico Mexico Department of Health Sciences Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa Iztapalapa Ciudad de Mexico Mexico

seed dispersion reduces the depredation rate and increases genetic flow. Some species of Carnivora consume fruits as a standard component of their diet, so they become potential seed dispersers. In Mexico, a few studies evaluated carnivorous as seed dispersers, especially in dry ecosystems. Citharexylum tetramerum and Ziziphus pedunculata are endemic plants from the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán’s Biosphere Reserve (TCBR);however, there are very little data about dispersal seeds for both species. We assessed the germination of seeds ingested by carnivores obtained from feces. We compared them with seeds from fruits as a control group. At the Metropolitan University laboratory, we germinated seeds, from: plants, scats, and fruits, and we used Kruskall Wallis Test to compare percentage and germination rate. C. tetramerum seeds ingested by a carnivorous decreased in germination percentage and rate. In contrast, the percentage and rate of germination of Z. pedunculata seeds from carnivorous feces were higher than the control group. However, Z. pedunculata control seeds did not germinate during tests, but at the end of the tests, we found that 90% of control seeds were not dead, so they were dormant seeds. Carnivores interact as legitime dispersers for both plants because they are keeping the viability of seeds. Still, we only showed that Z. pedunculata gut carnivores broke with the dormancy of seeds. We consider that in future research, it could be essential to identify other animals that consume fruits of those plants and if it is possible to follow seeds after they have been removed. Those points could help to get better understanding of those endemic plants from Tehuacán.

关键词： seed dispersal

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seed dispersal and seedling recruitment of trees at different successional stages in a temperate forest in northeastern China

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2014年第4期7卷 337-346页

作者： Lie Chen Lei Wang Yeerjiang Baiketuerhan Chunyu Zhang Xiuhai Zhao Klaus von Gadow Key Laboratory for Forest Resources&Ecosystem Processes of Beijing Beijing Forestry UniversityNo.35 Qinghua East RoadHaidian DistrictBeijing 100083China College of Forestry and Horticulture Xinjiang Agricultural UniversityNo.42 Nanchang RoadShayibake DistrictUrumqi 830052China Faculty of Forestry and Forest Ecology Georg-August-University GöttingenBüsgenweg 5D-37077 GöttingenGermany

spatial distribution of adult trees in a forest community is determined by patterns of both seed dispersal and seedling recruitment.the objectives of our study were to understand the processes of seed dispersal and seedling recruitment of dominant tree species in a temperate forest of northeastern China and to identify the factors constraining seed dispersal and seedling establishment at different stages of forest succession.Methods During three summer and autumn sessions between 2006 and 2008,altogether 113080 seeds from 22 different tree species were collected in three large field plots representing different for-est types in the Changbai mountain region of northeastern China.the spatial distribution of seed abundance was analyzed using a syrjala test.regeneration success of nine major tree species was assessed using variables defining‘limitations’in‘seeds’and‘seed-ling establishment’.Important Findings We found that seed production fluctuated between years and varied greatly with forest types.Four tree species,Acer spp.,Fraxinus man-dshurica,Tilia amurensis and Betula spp.,had the greatest seed pro-duction and the widest range of seed dispersal,whereas Quercus mongolica showed the most sustained seed production pattern.the spatial patterns of seed abundance differed significantly among forest types and years.the tree species investigated in this study differed in the degree of seed limitation,as well as in limitation of seedling establishment.there were both negative and positive correlations between seed density and seedling density,depending on site and parental tree density.seeds of 16 tree species were found in the Populus davidiana-Betula platyphylla forest(PbF)plot,11 in the conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest(CbF)plot but only 8 in the broad-leaved-Korean pine mixed forest(bKF)plot.the number of seed-contributing species was not only greater in the secondary forests(CbF and PbF plots)than in the primary forest(bKF plot)but was also more variable during the 3 years of assessment.results from the correl

关键词： seed dispersal seed limitation dispersal limitation establishment limitation mixed broad-leaved-conifer forest

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Endozoochorous seed dispersal by golden snub-nosed monkeys in a temperate forest

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Integrative Zoology 2021年第1期16卷 120-127页

作者： Hui YAO Yanpei BAI Yuan CHEN Haochun CHEN Wanji YANG Xiangdong RUAN Zuofu XIANG Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Biology Central South University of Forestry&TechnologyChangshaChina Shennongjia Forest District Shennongjia National ParkChina School of Life Sciences Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina National Forest Inventory and Design Institute BeijingChina

seed dispersal is essential for plant recruitment and the maintenance of biodiversity.Colobine monkeys are primarily folivorous,but they also consume fruits and are often assumed to be seed predators.Although they are known to be epizoochorous seed dispersers,their role as endozoochorous seed dispersers needs reassessment.We examined potential endozoochory in golden snub-nosed monkeys(Rhinopithecus roxellana)at Dalongtan in Shennongjia National Park,central China,by assessing potential germination of ingested seeds(n=1806,9 species)from fecal samples.Intact seeds were in almost all fecal samples(ranging from 5-130 seeds),and ingested seeds were from small seeded species(seed widthseed predation)and the ingested seeds did not germinate in the trials.Therefore,ingestion of unripe seeds does not lead to effective seed dispersal.However,germination rates of defecated R.caudata(9%)were greater than control seeds(6%and 0%),demon-strating potential endozoochorous seed dispersal.Thus,colobine monkeys do indeed disperse mainly small-seeded from multi-seeded fruits through potential endozoochory and this process enhances the recruitment of seedlings.

关键词： endozoochory germination seed dispersal seed recruitment temperate forest

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Scatterhoarding rodents favor higher predation risks for cache sites:The potential for predators to influence the seed dispersal process

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Integrative Zoology 2015年第3期10卷 257-266页

作者： Michael A.STEELE Ghislain ROMPRÉ Jeffrey A.STRATFORD Hongmao ZHANG Matthew SUCHOCKI Shealyn MARINO Department of Biology Wilkes UniversityWilkes-BarrePAUSA The Scotts Company MarysvilleOHUSA School of Life Science Central China Normal UniversityWuhanChina

Scatterhoarding rodents often place caches in the open where pilferage rates are reduced,suggesting that they tradeoff higher risks of predation for more secure cache sites.We tested this hypothesis in two study systems by measuring predation risks inferred from measures of giving-up densities(GUDs)at known cache sites and other sites for comparison.Rodent GUDs were measured with small trays containing 3 L of fine sand mixed with sunflower seeds.In the first experiment,we relied on a 2-year seed dispersal study in a natural forest to identify caches of eastern gray squirrels(Sciurus carolinensis)and then measured GUDs at:(i)these caches;(ii)comparable points along logs and rocks where rodent activity was assumed highest;and(iii)a set of random points.We found that GUDs and,presumably,predation risks,were higher at both cache and random points than those with cover.At the second site,we measured GUDs of eastern gray squirrels in an open park system and found that GUDs were consistently lowest at the base of the tree compared to more open sites,where previous studies show caching by squirrels to be highest and pilferage rates by naïve competitors to be lowest.These results confirm that predation risks can influence scatterhoarding decisions but that they are also highly context dependent,and that the landscape of fear,now so well documented in the literature,could potentially shape the temporal and spatial patterns of seedling establishment and forest regeneration in systems where scatterhoarding is common.

关键词： giving-up densities predation risk scatterhoarding Sciurus seed dispersal

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seed traits and taxonomic relationships determine the occurrence of mutualisms versus seed predation in a tropical forest rodent and seed dispersal system

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Integrative Zoology 2014年第3期9卷 309-319页

作者： Zhenyu WANG Lin CAO Zhibin ZHANG State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina University of Chinese Academy of Sciences BeijingChina

Although many studies have been carried out on plant-animal mutualistic assemblages,the roles of functional traits and taxonomy in determining both whether interactions involve mutualisms or predation and the structure of such assemblages are unclear.We used semi-natural enclosures to quantitatively assess the interaction strengths between seeds of 8 sympatric tree species and 4 rodent species in a tropical forest in Xishuangbanna,Yunnan,Southwest China.We found 2 clusters of species in the seed-rodent network represented by 2 genera in the Fagaceae(Castanopsis,Lithocarpus).Compared to seeds of 3 Castanopsis species,seeds with heavy weight,hard coat or caloric content(including 3 Lithocarpus species)were eaten less and more frequently hoarded by rodents.In turn,hoarded seeds showed less predation and more mutualism with rodents.Our results suggest that seed traits significantly affected the hoarding behavior of rodents,and,consequently,the occurrence of mutualisms and predation as well as assemblage structure in the plant-animal seed dispersal system.Taxonomically-related species with similar seed traits as functional groups belong to the same substructures in the assemblage.Our results indicate that both seed traits and taxonomic relationships may simplify thinking about seed dispersal systems by helping to elucidate whether interactions are likely to be dominated by predation or mutualism.

关键词： hoarding behavior mutualism predation seed dispersal seed trait

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Importance of bird traits for seed dispersal patterns of co-fruiting trees in a patchy forest

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Integrative Zoology 2019年第5期14卷 470-478页

作者： Ning LI Zheng WANG Shuai ZHANG Chuan YAN Xinhai LI Changhu LU Institute of Applied Ecology Nanjing Xiaozhuang UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina College of Biology and Environmental Science Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjingChina Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina

Habitat fragmentation is globally one of the most important drivers of change in biodiversity.seed dispersal by birds is crucial for tree regeneration in remnant patchy forests,yet how bird traits affect seed dispersal pattern is still poorly understood.We studied the extent to which bird traits affect seed-removal networks and whether these traits affect seed deposition and seedling recruitment for 3 co-fruiting tree species(Taxus chinensis,Cinnamomum bodinieri and Machilus thunbergii)in a patchy forest.A total of 17,18 and 10 bird species were recorded foraging for seeds of T.chinensis,M.thunbergii and C.bodinieri,respectively.Frequency of bird visitation increased with tail length,wing length and body length.Furthermore,bird body length,bill length,body weight and wing length were important in the strength of the seed removal network.During foraging,6 bird species exhibited different patterns of microhabitat utilization and their perching frequency increased with bird weight and tarsus length.As a consequence,frequency of habitat use,bird length and tarsus length were important in determining the number of deposited seeds.For seedling recruitment,seedling number increased with bird tarsus length and weight,but decreased with wing length.Overall,our results showed that various bird traits not only affected seed removal,but also influenced the subsequent processes of seed deposition and seedling distribution in a patchy forest.These results thus highlight the importance of large-bodied birds for plant recruitment and point out the need to prioritize the protection and conservation of these birds in remnant patchy forests.

关键词： bird traits patchy forest seed deposition seed dispersal seed removal

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Spatial and temporal effects on seed dispersal and seed predation of Musa acuminata in southern Yunnan, China

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Integrative Zoology 2012年第1期7卷 30-40页

作者： Lingzeng MENG Xiuxia GAO Jin CHEN Konrad MARTIN Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of SciencesMenglunChina University of Hohenheim Institute of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and SubtropicsStuttgartGermany

Wild bananas are abundant in tropical areas and many ecologists have observed that the succession process is quicker following increased disturbance.This study was conducted to analyze animal–seed interactions and their effects on the seed fate of a wild banana species(Musa acuminata)in tropical southern Yunnan(China)through experiments considering spatial(site and habitat)and temporal(seasons)variation.The largest proportion of fruits(81%)was removed by frugivorous seed dispersers,especially by bats at nighttime.Only 13%of the fruits were removed by climbing seed predators(different species of rats).In the exclosure treatment,rodents accounted for a significantly higher total artificially exposed seed removal number than ants,but with spatial and temporal differences.The highest seed predation rate by rodents(70%)was found in forest with wild banana stands,corresponding with the highest rodent diversity(species numbers and abundance)among the habitat types.In contrast,the seed removal number by ants(57%)was highest in the open land habitats,but there was no close correlation with ant diversity.seed removal numbers by ants were significantly higher in the dry compared to the rainy season,but rodent activity showed no differences between seasons.The overall results suggest that the largest proportion of seeds produced by wild banana are primarily dispersed by bats.Primary seed dispersal by bats at nighttime is essential for wild banana seeds to escape seed predation.

关键词： bats Musa acuminata seed dispersal seed predation tropical forest

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