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sedimentary facies of Marine Shale Gas Formations in Southern China： The Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the Southern Sichuan Basin

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Journal of Earth Science 2016年第5期27卷 807-822页

作者： Yizhen Li Xingzhi Wang Bin Wu Guoqin Li Dule Wang State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China Geological Exploration and Development Research Institute CNPC Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Company LimitedChengdu 610051China Chongqing Mineral Resources Development Company Limited Chongqing 400060China

sedimentary facies is an important factor influencing shale gas accumulation. It not only controlls hydrocarbon generation, but also affects reservoir characteristics and distribution. This paper discusses the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the south of the Sichuan Basin. Outcrop, core, drilling and logging data identify the sedimentary facies of the formation as continental shelf facies, which is divided into two subfacies： an inner shelf and an outer shelf subfacies. These two subfacies can be further divided into seven microfacies： muddy silty shallow shelf, calcareous silty shallow shelf, muddy limy shallow shelf, storm flow, muddy deep shelf, silty muddy deep shelf and contour current microfacies. Vertical and horizontal distribution of microfacies establishes a sedimentation model of the continental shelf facies. Combined with analization or calculation of geochemical, mineralogical, physical and gas-bearing properties of samples, sedimentary microfacies is evaluated using nine parameters： total organic carbon content, effective shale continuous thickness, vitrinite reflectance, kerogen type, mineral components, porosity, permeability, water saturation and gas content. The evaluation revealed that the most favorable facies for shale gas exploration and development are the muddy deep shelf and part of the silty muddy deep shelf microfacies, with TOC more than 2%, siliceous component over 50%, clay less than 30%, porosity more than 3%, water saturation lower than 40%, gas content greater than 2 m3/t. These results provide a theoretical basis for deciston-making on the most promising areas for shale gas exploration in the Sichuan Basin and for marine shale gas exploration and development in South China.

关键词： Sichuan Basin shale gas Longmaxi Formation sedimentary facies continental shelf.

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sedimentary facies of the subaqueous Changjiang River delta since the late Pleistocene

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2013年第5期31卷 1107-1119页

作者：徐涛玉石学法王国庆乔淑卿杨刚刘升发王旭晨赵泉鸿 Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences First Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration and Key Laboratory of State Oceanic Administration for Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) University of Massachusetts Massachusetts Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University

The sedimentary facies of the subaqueous Changjiang （Yangtze） River delta since the late Pleistocene was studied based on lithology and foraminifera analysis for two boreholes, CJK07 and CJK11, along with 14C dating. Four sedimentary facies were identified, namely fluvial, tidal flat, offshore, and prodelta facies. The fluvial sedimentary facies is comprised of fluvial channel lag deposits, fluvial point bar deposits, and floodplain deposits, showing a fining-upward sequence in general with no benthic foraminifera. A layer of stiff clay overlies the fluvial deposits in core CJK07, indicating a long-term exposure environment during the Last Glacial Maximum （LGM）. During the postglacial sea-level rise around 13-7.5 cal ka BP, the tidal flat facies was deposited in core CJK11, characterized by abundant silt-clay couplets. Euryhaline species dominate the subtidal fiat foraminiferal assemblages, while almost no foraminifera was found in the intertidal fiat. The offshore environment was the major sedimentary environment when the sea level reached its highest level around 7.5 cal ka BP, with a maximum accumulation rate of 10 mm/a found in core CJK11. Prodelta sediments have been deposited in core CJK11 since -3 cal ka BP, after the formation of the Changjiang River delta. The difference in sedimentary facies between core CJK07 and CJK11 is due to their location： core CJK07 was in an interfluve while core CJK11 was in an incised valley during the LGM. Furthermore, AMS 14C dating of core CJK07 shows poor chronological order, indicating that the sediments were reworked by strong tidal currents and that sediment deposited since -7.7 cal ka BP in core CJK07 was eroded away by modem hydrodynamic forces caused by the southward shift of the Changjiang River delta depocenter.

关键词： the subaqueous Changjiang (Yangtze) River delta sedimentary facies Last Glacial Maximum

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sedimentary facies and lithologic characters as main factors controlling hydrocarbon accumulation and their critical conditions

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2015年第4期4卷 414-432页

作者： Jun-Qing Chen Xiong-Qi Pang Dong-Xia Chen State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum(Beijing) Basin and Reservoir Research Center China University of Petroleum (Beijing) Unconventional Natural Gas Institute China University of Petroleum (Beijing)

Taking more than 1000 clastic hydrocarbon reservoirs of Bohai Bay Basin, Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin, China as examples, the paper has studied the main controlling factors of hydrocarbon reservoirs and their critical conditions to reveal the hydrocarbon distribution and to optimize the search for favorable targets. The results indicated that the various sedimentary facies and lithologic characters control the critical conditions of hydrocarbon accumulation, which shows that hydrocarbon is distributed mainly in sedimentary facies formed under conditions of a long lasting and relatively strong hydrodynamic environment; 95% of the hydrocarbon reservoirs and reserves in the three basins is distributed in siltstones, fine sandstones, conglomerates and pebble-bearing sandstones; moreover, the probability of discovering conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs decreases with the grain size of the clastic rocks. The main reason is that the low relative porosity and permeability of fine-grained reservoirs, lead to small differences in capillary force compared with surrounding rocks and insufficiency of dynamic force for hydrocarbon accumulation; the critical condition for hydrocarbon entering reservoir is that the interfacial potential in the surrounding rock（ Un） must be more than twice of that in the reservoir（ Us）; the probability of hydrocarbon reservoirs distribution decreases in cases where the hydrodynamic force is too high or too low and when the rocks have too coarse or too fine grains.

关键词： sedimentary facies lithologic characters hydrocarbon accumulation hydrocarbon threshold hydrocarbon exploration

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Evolutions of sedimentary facies and palaeoenvironment and their controls on the development of source rocks in continental margin basins:A case study from the Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea

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Petroleum Science 2023年第5期20卷 2648-2663页

作者： Kun Liu Peng Cheng Cai-Wei Fan Peng Song Qiang-Tai Huang CNOOC Zhanjiang BranchZhanjiang524057GuangdongChina State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510640GuangdongChina CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science Guangzhou510640GuangdongChina CNOOC Hainan BranchHaikou570312HainanChina School of Marine Sciences Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal EngineeringSun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai519082GuangdongChina

Hydrocarbon resources in the Qiongdongnan Basin have become an important exploration target in ***,the development of high-quality source rocks in this basin,especially in its deep-water areas,are still not fully *** this study,evolutions of sedimentary facies and palaeoenvironment and their influences on the development of source rocks in diverse tectonic regions of the Qiongdongnan Basin were *** results show that during the Oligocene and to Miocene periods,the sedimentary environment of this basin progressively varied from a semi-closed gulf to an open marine environment,which resulted in significant differences in palaeoenvironmental conditions of the water column for various tectonic regions of the *** shallow-water areas,the palaeoproductivity and reducibility successively decrease,and the hydrodynamic intensity gradually increases for the water columns of the Yacheng,Lingshui,and Sanya-Meishan *** deep-water areas,the water column of the Yacheng and Lingshui strata has a higher palaeoproductivity and a weaker hydrodynamic intensity than that of the Sanya-Meishan strata,while the reducibility gradually increases for the water columns of the Yacheng,Lingshui,and Sanya-Meishan *** general,the palaeoenvironmental conditions of the water column are the most favorable to the development of the Yacheng organic-rich source ***,the Miocene marine source rocks in the deep-water areas of the Qiongdongnan Basin may also have a certain hydrocarbon *** differences in the development models of source rocks in various tectonic regions of continental margin basins should be fully evaluated in the exploration and development of hydrocarbons.

关键词： sedimentary facies Palaeoenvironmental conditions Evolutions Source rocks The Qiongdongnan basin South China Sea

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Some new thoughts of definitions of terms of sedimentary facies:Based on Miall's paper(1985)

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2022年第1期11卷 1-7页

作者： Zeng-Zhao Feng China University of Petroleum(Beijing) Beijing100083China

In recent years,the Journal of Palaeogeography(Chinese Edition and English Edition)continually received manuscripts,in which some authors are from China and some are from Pakistan,Lithuania,Morocco,South Africa,*** authors of these manuscripts,according to the viewpoint and method of Miall’s paper(1985),selected rocks from each bed in the clastic sections of their study areas and induced some rock types,such as conglomerates,sandstones and fine-grained stones,and considered them as *** does not conform to the definition of lithofacies.I wrote some papers,i.e.,Feng(2018,2019,2020),to point out the problems and hope that the authors worldwide,especially Chinese authors,will not continually cite,spread and follow Miall’s paper(1985)viewpoint and method *** is the first person who considered rocks(in fact,the sediments)as lithofacies and proposed a facies analysis *** viewpoint and facies analysis method confused the definition of facies and facies analysis *** current paper is a special article to discuss the principal problems of Miall’s paper(1985),i.e.,he considered the sediments as lithofacies and utilized lithofacies to analyze facies,but not to discuss the contributions and less strictness of architectural elements of his ***,I have to declare that the facies in my current paper is the facies of sedimentary petrology,but not of other geological disciplines,such as igneous petrology,metamorphic petrology,palaeontology,stratigraphy,geophysics,***,the definitions of facies and lithofacies are *** current paper will adhere to the policy of“A hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend”.I hope that through academic discussions,contends and geological practice,these problems will be solved gradually.

关键词： Rocks Sediments sedimentary environments facies sedimentary facies Lithofacies Lithology facies analysis method A hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend Geological practice

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The sedimentary facies and dynamic environment of the Diaokou lobe in the modern Huanghe River Delta of China

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2018年第11期37卷 40-52页

作者： GAO Wei LIU Shihao LIU Jie XU Yuanqin LI Ping Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology The First Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration Laboratory for Marine Geology Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) Research Center for Islands and Coastal Zone The First Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration

The Huanghe River captures the Diaokou River in 1964 and forms a deltaic lobe in the subsequent 12 a. The progradational process of the Diaokou lobe is in associated with complicated evolution of riverine sheet flooding, merging, and swinging. On the basis of 11 borehole cores and 210 km high resolution seismic reflection data set, the sedimentary sequence and dynamic environment of the Diaokou lobe Cone subdelta lobe of the modern Huanghe River Delta） are studied. The stratigraphy of the lobe is characterized by an upward-coarsening ternary structure and forms a progradational deltaic clinoform. Totally six seismic surfaces are identifiable in seismic profiles, bounded six seismic units （SUs）. These SUs correspond to six depositional units （DUs） in the borehole cores, and among them, SUs 4-6 （DUs D to F） consist of the modern Diaokou lobe. Lithological and seismic evidences indicate that the delta plain part of the Diaokou lobe is comprised primarily by fluvial lag sediments together with sediments from sidebanks, overbanks, fluvial flood plains and levees, while the delta front part is a combination of river mouth bar sands （majority） and distal bar and deltaic margin sediments （minority）. As a result of the high sedimentation rate and weak hydrodynamic regime in the Huanghe River Delta, the sediments in the delta front are dominated by fine-grained materials. The grain size analysis indicates the Huanghe River hyperpycnal-concentrated flow shows the suspension, transportation and sedimentation characteristics of gravity flow, and the sediment transportation is primarily dominated by graded suspension, while uniform suspension and hydrostatic suspension are also observed in places. The strength of the hydrodynamic regime weakens gradually offshore from riverbed, river mouth bar, sidebank, distal bar subfacies to delta lateral margin and flooding plain subfacies.

关键词： modern Huanghe River Delta sedimentary facies sediment dynamics grain size

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sedimentary facies characteristics and organic matter enrichment mechanism of lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in South China

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Journal of Central South University 2020年第12期27卷 3779-3792页

作者： QIN Ming-yang GUO Jian-hua TAN Hui WU Shi-qing BIAN Rui-kang State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development Beijing 100083China Editorial Office of Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology) Central South UniversityChangsha 410083China School of Geosciences and Info-Physics Engineering Central South UniversityChangsha 410083China

The purpose of this study was to examine the sedimentary facies characteristics of lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation(∈1n)in South China,to reveal the mechanism of organic matter enrichment,and to guide exploration of shale *** investigation and experimental analyses were used to assess the lithology in detail,total organic matter mass fraction w(TOC),mineral composition,and trace element characteristics of∈*** influencing factors of organic matter enrichment were discussed extensively,and a sedimentary facies mode was *** the early stage of∈1n,the locations of Well E’yangye 1,Well Ciye 1,Well Changye 1,and Well Anye 1 respectively develop,platform inner sag,outer shelf,Jiangnan slope belt,and South China detention *** the late stage of∈1n,the sedimentary facies evolve with decreasing sea *** study area presents a complete three-step basin in the Early *** the early stage of∈1n,the first step is the Yangtze carbonate platform,the second step is the outer shelf and slope,and the third step is the deep-water *** the Yangtze carbonate platform to the deep-water basin,w(TOC)and the mass fraction of quartz gradually increase,the mass fraction of carbonate mineral decreases,and the mass fraction of clay mineral is higher in the second *** sea level fluctuation results in a higher w(TOC)vertically in the lower∈1n shale,and the paleogeographic(provenance)conditions lead to better horizontal development of organic matter in the outer shelf,slope and detention *** elements are abundant in the lower∈1n,and w(TOC)is correlated positively with many trace *** the outer shelf,slope,and adjacent areas,hydrothermal activity and upwelling current bring nutrient-rich material and promote organic matter enrichment under a strong reducing ***-shelf,slope and deep-water basin are the best facies for the formation and preservation of organic matter,especially deep-water basin *** remains necessary to strengt

关键词： Niutitang formation(∈1n) organic matter sedimentary facies enrichment mechanism hydrothermal activity upwelling current exploration target

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Evolution of sedimentary facies and fossil communities in the Middle Permian Maokou Formation in Zigui County, Hubei Province,South China

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2018年第1期7卷 48-57页

作者： Ke-Yu Zhu Tan Wang Zhi-Xing Yi Yong-Biao Wang State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources School of Earth Sciences China University of GeosciencesWuhan

A geological event that happened at the end of the Middle Permian resulted in different levels of erosion in a shallow-water platform of South China, which led to diverse geological records in different sections. The Lianziya section in western Hubei Province of South China has a well-exposed stratigraphic sequence of the late Middle Permian rocks with abundant fossils and sedimentary facies types, providing new evidences for understanding the evolution of marine biota and environment in the late Middle Permian. Our study shows that four fossil communities can be recognized with the change of sedimentary facies in the late Middle Permian: Foraminiferal-algal community, phylloid algal community, bryozoan community and Ungdarella community. The foraminiferal-algal community is dominated by fusulinids and calcareous algae, but was soon replaced by the phylloid algal community. With an increase of terrestrial input, the phylloid algal community was again replaced by the bryozoan community. Near the end of the Middle Permian, with a decrease of terrestrial input, the bryozoan fossil community disappeared while the Ungdarella community became dominant. A 10 cm-thick weathered crust occurred at the top of the Middle Permian limestone, marking a large amplitude fall in sea-level and the beginning of a terrestrial erosion stage. The sedimentary facies and fossil community changes in the Lianziya section indicates that the Middle Permian crisis was a gradual process while the sea-level fall mainly occurred in the latest Middle Permian.

关键词： Fossil community sedimentary facies Middle Permian Guadalupian Capitanian-Wuchiapingian Zigui County Hubei Province

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Sequence Stratigraphy and sedimentary facies in the Lower Member of the Permian Shanxi Formation, Northeastern Ordos Basin, China

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Journal of Earth Science 2013年第1期24卷 75-88页

作者：杜伟姜在兴张颖徐杰 School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences

The Lower Permian Shanxi （山西） Formation is one of the main gas-bearing stratio graphic units in northeastern Ordos （鄂尔多斯） Basin, China. Based on an integrated investigation of well logs, cores, and outcrop, we delineated the sedimentary facies of the lower member of the Shanxi Formation and divided the succession into three third-order sequences from base to top as SQ1, SQ2, and SQ3. The lower region of Shanxi Formation was deposited in the following sedimentary facies or subfacies： subaqueous braided channel, subaqueous interdistributary, mouth bar, swamp and shelf in the Daniudi （~z~=J~） Gas Field and braided channel, and shelf and lake at Heidaigon （~J） outcrop. Braided-river deposits form the lowstand systems tract （LST） in each sequence. Braided channels mark the sequence boundaries at Heidaigou outcrop. A shelf and lake depositional environment with dark gray mudstone forms the transgressive systems tract （TST）. The location where dark gray mudstone first appears above the braided channel marks the first flooding surface （FFS）, and the end of that marks the maximum flooding surface （MFS）. The highstand systems tract （HST） deposits are fine-grained sediments with an aggradational parasequence at Heidaigou outcrop and swamp coalbed in the Daniudi Gas Field. Mouth-bar sand bodies in braided delta front, which form the LST in each sequence, form excellent reservoirs in the Daniudi Gas Field.

关键词： sequence stratigraphy sedimentary facies braided channel shelf Ordos Basin.

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Identification of carbonate sedimentary facies from well logs with machine learning Author links open overlay panel

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Petroleum Research 2024年第2期9卷 165-175页

作者： Xianmu Hou Peiqing Lian Jiuyu Zhao Yun Zai Weiyao Zhu Fuyong Wang School of Civil and Resources Engineering University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing100083China Sinopec Chongqing Fuling Shale Gas Exploration and Development Co. Ltd.Chongqing408000China Sinopec Petroleum Exploration&Production Research Institute SINOPECBeijing100083China National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering China University of Petroleum(Beijing)Beijing102249China ChinKunlun Digital Technology Co.Ltd. Beijing102206China

sedimentary facies identification is critical for carbonate oil and gas reservoir *** traditional method of sedimentary facies identification not only be affected by the engineer's experience but also takes a long *** carbonate sedimentary facies based on machine learning is the trend of future development and has the advantages of short time consuming and reliable results without engineers'subjective *** many references reported the application of machine learning to identify lithofacies,but identifying sedimentary facies of carbonate reservoirs is much more challenging due to the complex sedimentary environment and tectonic *** paper compares the performance of the carbonate sedimentary facies identification using four different machine learning models,and the optimal machine learning with the highest prediction accuracy is ***,the carbonate sedimentary facies are classified into the lagoon,shallow sea,shoal,fore-shoal,and inter-shoal five tags based on the well ***,five well log curves including spectral gamma ray(SGR),uranium-free gamma ray(CGR),photoelectric absorption cross-section index(PE),true formation resistivity(RT),shallow lateral resistivity(RS)are used as the input,and the manual identified carbonate sedimentary facies are used as the output of the machine learning *** performance of four different machine learning algorithms,including support vector machine(SVM),deep neural network(DNN),long short-term memory(LSTM)network,and random forest(RF)are *** other two wells are used for model *** research results show that the RF method has the highest accuracy of sedimentary facies prediction,and the average prediction accuracy is 78.81%;the average accuracy of sedimentary facies prediction using SVM is 77.93%.The sedimentary facies predictions using DNN and LSTM are less satisfying compared with RF and SVM,and the average accuracy is 69.94%and 73.05%,respect

关键词： Carbonate sedimentary facies Well logs Machine learning Deep learning

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