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Climate Change, Water scarcity, and Health Adaptation in Southwestern Coastal Bangladesh

International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2019年第1期10卷 28-42页

作者： Md.Anwarul Abedin Andrew E.Collins Umma Habiba Rajib Shaw Department of Soil Science Bangladesh Agricultural University Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences/Disaster and Development Network (DDN) Northumbria University Department of Agricultural Extension Ministry of Agriculture Graduate School of Media and Governance Keio UniversityShonan Fujisawa Campus (SFC)

Climate change may affect human health through multiple and interactive pathways that include safe water scarcity. However, impacts of climate change-induced water scarcity on health and well-being are *** 80% of illnesses in developing countries are attributed to unsafe drinking water and waterborne diseases. In Southwestern Bangladesh, lack of safe drinking water is a severe crisis due to climate change. The study investigated the impacts of climate change on water resources and human health in a coastal area. A questionnaire survey was carried out in two villages of Shymnagar upazila on the southwestern coast to investigate the present status of safe water sources and health care facilities and their impacts on the local community. The results show that the local community believes that climate change is having substantial impacts on freshwater sources and health. More than 70% of the respondents identified diarrhea, dysentery,and skin diseases as the prime waterborne health risks that occur through climate-related safe water scarcity. By synthesizing the ground data, we suggest pathways to health adaptation to climate change effects and safe water scarcitythrough locally available adaptive practices such as the use of pond sand filters, rainwater harvesting, and importing potable water with the active participation of the government,nongovernmental organizations, and communities.

关键词： Climate change Health risks Safe water scarcity Southwestern Bangladesh Waterborne diseases

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Evaluating mountain water scarcity on the county scale: a case study of Dongchuan District, Kunming, China

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Journal of Mountain Science 2019年第4期16卷 744-754页

作者： LI Jie DENG Wei ZHANG Ji-fei Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy Sciences School of Urban and Environment Yunnan University of Finance and Economics Collage of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy Sciences

Mountain water, which contributes 50% to 90% to the lower reaches of the watershed, has a considerably low utility efficiency. The water accessibility could be a quantitative measure of water scarcity in the mountains. It can be used effectively for emergency water shortage planning and water resource management. In the present study, Dongchuan District, a typical county in the Hengduan Mountains in Yunnan province of Southwest China, was selected as the study area, and the minimal cumulative resistance(MCR) model was used to simulate the least-cost path(LCP) from 1255 point features of natural villages, as well as 12,368 dryfield centroids, to their respective surrounding river systems, which serve as a source for emergency drinking water and irrigation during droughts. The average length of the LCP for each administrative village was calculated to represent the accessibility to water sources for agricultural production and daily life in these mountain villages. The distribution of population and dryfields, as well as other geographic elements, were analyzed to classify the degree of water scarcity in these villages. The results indicate that the area facing the highest risk of water shortage for agricultural irrigation is located in northern Dongchuan, in particular along the two sides of the Xiaojiang Valley, and that the area with the highest risk of water shortage for daily life needs is located along the Xiaojiang Valley.

关键词： Water scarcity Mountains Water accessibility MCR model Dongchuan District

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scarcity and Mental Health—Multiple Mediators of Sleep Quality and Life Satisfaction

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International Journal of Mental Health Promotion 2024年第6期26卷 449-462页

作者： Na Liu Yan Zhang Junxiu Wang School of Sociology and Ethnology University of Chinese Academy of Social SciencesBeijing102488China Institute of Sociology Chinese Academy of Social ScienceBeijing100732China School of Mental Health Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325000China Institute of Psychosocial Services Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325000China

Background:In the current social environment,scarcity,as a universally present objective state,profoundly impacts individuals’decision-making and health through the subjective feeling it induces,known as a“scarcity mindset.”Particularly,the feeling of scarcity related to money and sleep time is not only widespread but also directly linked to an individual’s mental ***:This study aims to delve into the relationship between the feeling of scarcity and mental health,with a specific focus on the relationship between the feeling of money scarcity or sleep time scarcity and mental health,as well as the role of sleep quality or life satisfaction in this ***:We determined the sampling quotas based on the population and economic development levels of each province in the“China Statistical Yearbook(2021)”(National Bureau of Statistics,2021).Participants were selected using the Probability Proportional to Size(PPS)sampling *** was collected by distributing online questionnaires to participants,and the relationships between the main variables were explored using structural equation ***:*** China,the feeling of sleep time scarcity is stronger than the feeling of money scarcity among the *** feeling of money scarcity is positively correlated with depression and anxiety,whereas the feeling of sleep time scarcity is only positively correlated with *** feeling of scarcity mainly leads to depression and self-denial through reducing life satisfaction,and it leads to anxiety through reducing sleep ***:The feeling of scarcity in money and sleep time is related to different dimensions of mental ***,reasonably planning financial allocation and ensuring an adequate amount of sleep can reduce the sense of scarcity,thereby improving mental ***,improving sleep quality and increasing life satisfaction can alleviate the adverse effects of scarcity on mental health.

关键词： scarcity sleep quality life satisfaction mental health multiple mediators

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Using GIS and Remote Sensing in Assessment of Water scarcity in Nakuru County, Kenya

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Advances in Remote Sensing 2017年第1期6卷 88-102页

作者： Catherine Changwony Arthur W. Sichangi Moses Murimi Ngigi Institute of Geomatics GIS and Remote Sensing (IGGReS) Dedan Kimathi University of Technology Nyeri Kenya

Water is at the core of sustainable development and is critical for socio-economic development, healthy ecosystems and for human survival. This research study has been carried out in Nakuru County, a tropical region in the Rift Valley of Kenya, bounded between latitude 0.28°N and 1.16°S, and longitude 36.27°E and 36.55°E. The objective of the study has been to use GIS and remote sensing in assessment of water scarcity using Land use Land cover area changes, standard precipitation index and crop yields. Landsat satellite images for the year 1985, 1995, 2005 and 2015 were used. Classification was done using maximum likelihood algorithm while classification accuracy assessment entailed the use of confusion matrix method and ground truth data. Post classification change detection results gave percentage cropland areas as 21% in 1985, 29% in 1995, 53% in 2005 and also 53% in 2015. Eleven (11) ground rainfall stations and TRMM satellite rainfall data from 1985 to 2015 has been used to show meteorological drought. Validation of rainfall data done using correlation coefficient (R2) and root mean square (RMS) methods showed that ground rainfall data and TRMM data correlate. Modelling of 3 months SPI for each of the three seasons (MAM, JJA and OND) has been done using interpolation distance weighted method (IDW). 3 months SPI time scales curves gave October 1987 May 1993, and July 2004 as water scarce and dry seasons and were categorized as either Normal, moderately dry, severely dry and extremely dry. Crop yield trends curves showed crop yield decrease in this identified water scarce and dry years. Conclusion reached is that crop yields is not dependent on size of land ploughed only but mostly on rainfall quantities. Therefore, the findings of this research can be used as drought monitoring tools.

关键词： Land Use Land Cover (LULC) Meteorological Drought Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) Water scarcity

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Study on Reduction of Mixed Water Salinity by Sound Wave <br/>—Toward Water scarcity Issue-Solving in Isolated Islands in the World

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2020年第2期12卷 155-170页

作者： Akira Hiratsuka Akitaka Imamura Former University Scholar in Environmental Systems Kyoto Japan Telecommunication Control Osaka Sangyo University Osaka Japan.

There are so many Isolated Islands (inhabited islands) in the world, including Japan. However, at present islanders, there have been faced with the decline of industries, serious concerns of rapid aging and very low birthrate without children and water scarcity issues etc. It can be said that these situations are under the environment which shows a microcosm of Japanese and/or world survival society in the near future. In this paper, the experimental data on the reduction of the mixed water (seawater & rainwater) salinity by the sound wave when changing the volume ratio were first shown, taking into the characteristics of the Isolated Islands. Next, the main analysis result on the water qualities of mixed water with which sound wave was irradiated was shown and the consideration mainly based on the WHO drinking water quality standards was carried out. Finally, through a simple water quality improvement apparatus using small hydroelectric power, a consideration regarding a possibility of the purification of the water (to be a drinking water) based on the solar circulation energy (regenerative type’s natural energy) such as small hydropower utilization, natural sunlight utilization, natural gravity utilization, natural oscillation utilization has been described in the paper.

关键词： Mixed Water (Seawater and Rainwater) Salinity Reduction Sound Wave Isolated Islands Water scarcity

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Linking Environmental Water scarcity and Options for Adaptation in the MENA Region

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2017年第4期9卷 378-392页

作者： Bachar Ibrahim Henry Mensah Faculty of Economy Law and Society Department of Public Law with Reference to the Law of Environment and Planning Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg Cottbus Germany

Contamination of surface and underground water by sea level rise, surface runoff, and land use activities such as industrial and agricultural activities can lead to water scarcity. Water could be available and accessible but not suitable for human use. In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region countries, the agriculture sector depends massively on water for farming activities, which consumes about 80% of the available water resources. In this context, the issue of environmental water scarcity is under highlighted, though the use of this term itself is still lacking in an international context (FAO). Meanwhile, the international goal of universal access to clean freshwater is included in global development targets (SDGs). This study provides some insights and deepens our understanding on environmental water scarcity, particularly MEN-A region countries. This review paper begins with an introduction to water scarcity and continues with a discussion of environmental issues associated with water scarcity in MENA region countries. Finally, we suggest some adaptive measures in two distinct areas such as agriculture sectors and policy makers and conclude that the lack of implementation of this particular term is hindering sustainable development in MENA region countries.

关键词： Adaptation MENA Climate Change Water scarcity Water Quality Environment

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Coping with Firewood scarcity in Soroti District of Eastern Uganda

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Open Journal of Forestry 2014年第1期4卷 70-74页

作者： Anthony Egeru Eseza Kateregga Gilber Jackson Mwanjalolo Majaliwa Department of Environmental Management Makerere University Kampala Uganda School of Economics and Management Makerere University Kampala Uganda

This study investigated how rural households cope with firewood scarcity in dryland areas of Eastern Uganda. A household survey was conducted in December 2008 to January 2009, where 490 respondents were randomly interviewed. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were also held with community elders and women. Responses were analyzed both descriptively and qualitatively. Findings indicated that 99% of the households used firewood for cooking with a per capita consumption of 542.32 Kilograms. Commonly used tree species included Combretnum molle (42.7%) and Acacia polyacantha willd (18.2%). Over 78% of the households have a preference for acacia tree species for firewood. In particular, Acacia polyacantha willd (60.3%), Acacia hockii (16.9%) and Combretum collinum (9.6%) were the most preferred tree species. The scarcity of firewood supply was eminent from the average distance (2 ± 7 Km) traveled by collectors in search of them. Firewood collectors spent 1 to 10 hours with an average of 3 hours weekly in firewood collection activities. This resulted in per annum estimated opportunity cost of Shillings 432,000 (US 232 dollars) for those who collected on weekly basis and Shillings 1,080,000 shillings (US 580 dollars) for those who collected on daily basis. The frequency of collection decreased as distance increased among 89% of the households. Minority of households (1%) have resorted to deliberately planting trees on their own farms to ease problems of firewood shortage, and to modification of biomass stove so as to use less firewood. Households in their endeavour to circumvent the problem of continued scarcity have resorted to poorer quality tree/bushes for firewood (71.2%), alongside other coping strategies such as cooking meals once a day, avoidance of cooking some food types (70%), and using crop residues as fuel source (60%). There is a need for scaling-up on-farm tree planting as well as the use of improved biomass cook stoves in the region.

关键词： Adaptations Household Energy Firewood scarcity Soroti Uganda

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Sustainable intensification of China's agroecosystems by conservation agriculture

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2018年第1期6卷 1-12页

作者： Rattan Lal Carbon Management and Sequestration Center The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA

Agriculture in China started about 8000 BCE with cultivation of millet and rice. Thus, China's modern agriculture is rooted in a long evolutionary history of agricultural practices. China's population of 211 million in 1700 increased to 295 million in 1800, 400 million in 1900, 1266 million in 2000, and is 1409 million in 2017. Thus, China has to feed 18.5% of the world population on merely 7% of the world's arable land and with even scarcer water resources. Yet, between 1950 and 2017, the grain production in China increased at a faster rate than that of the population. Total grain production (million ton or Tg) was 113 in 1949, 305 in 1970, 462 in 2000, and 603 in 2015. The high agricultural productivity is attributed to high consumption of fertilizers (58.8 Tg in 2015), pesticides (1.81 Tg in 2014), and irrigation (65.7 Mha in 2014). However, the high production is also associated with the severe problems of soil degradation (erosion), water contamination and air pollution. It is estimated that ~40% of China's arable land is degraded to some degree. Thus, there is a strong need for a paradigm shift of sustaining high productivity while restoring quality of natural resources of soil, water and air. In this context, conversion to a systembased conservation agriculture (CA) may be an important strategy of sustainable intensification of agroecosystems for advancing and sustaining high production while restoring soil health, purifying water and air and improving the environment. The CA has been practiced in China since 1990s and was adopted on ~8.0 Mha in 2015. The available literature shows that conversion to CA increases soil organic C (SOC) concentration and stocks mostly in the surface layer while also producing an equivalent agronomic yield. Therefore, a widespread adoption of CA in China would necessitate a deeper understanding of its ecological underpinnings. To be effective, site-specific CA practices must reduce risks of soil erosion under dry land farming, ac

关键词： soil conservation food security water scarcity ancient agriculture environmental pollution

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Exploring Saussure’s Analogy between Linguistic and Monetary Signs

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Language and Semiotic Studies 2022年第1期8卷 114-122页

作者： Kristian Bankov New Bulgarian University Bulgaria

Beginning with a few of Saussure’s ideas from Course of General Linguistics;the author tracks the development of money as signs fulfilling their pecuniary *** principle of the arbitrariness of linguistic signs,postulated in Course,is the leading concept under which all forms of money are grouped for *** its evolution from the primitive consumable forms such as salt,leather and grain to the last abstract forms of accountable digital writing,the money sign is increasing its level of arbitrariness between signifier and signified value and thus becomes “better for thinking” (Levy-Strauss) and *** second part of the paper considers the main contributions to the field of semiotics pertaining to money and economic value,and thus highlights the originality of the model,in which the arbitrariness of monetary signs and the scarcity of money tokens in circulation form the model’s *** author’s analysis,applying the dyadic sign,reveals the relationship between the value or meaning of a monetary sign and the temporal dimension of our *** article concludes with some hypotheses about the homology between the primordial finitude of human temporality (Heidegger) and the principle of scarcity/finitude of money in circulation as a condition of their value.

关键词： arbitrariness money sign fungibility scarcity sign production

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Water Demand Management in Jordan

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Engineering（科研） 2014年第1期6卷 19-26页

作者： Nadhir Al-Ansari N. Alibrahiem M. Alsaman Sven Knutsson Al al-Bayt University Mafraq Jordan Lulea University Lulea Sweden

Jordan is located in the Middle East in the eastern Mediterranean. It has a surface area of approximately 90,000 km2 and its population reaches 6.3 million. Jordan is the fourth driest countries in the World and water demand exceeds Jordan’s available water resources. Annual per capita water availability has declined from 3600 m3/year in 1946 to 145 m3/year today. It is estimated that the population will continue to grow from about 5.87 million in 2008 to over 7.80 million by 2022. Total projected water demand will be 1673 million cubic meters by 2022. Fifteen-year complete records for water consumption were studied to see the supply and demand variation with time. It had been noticed that water demand management will address the actual needs for water. This management program will ensure further reduction in water use, reduce water loses through the distribution supply net, prevent pollution. In addition, it will help minimize water disposal in nature, make efficient use of available water resources, plan for future new water resources prudently and finally impose a real cost for water supply that would be acceptable. In addition to the above, public awareness program is to be put in action. Such a program should be used in schools as well as the media. The public is to be aware of the problem and how they can assist with overcoming the water shortage crisis.

关键词： Water Management Water Demand Management Water scarcity Jordan

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