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Review on corrosion and corrosion scale formation upon unlined cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2022年第7期34卷 173-189页

作者： Haiya Zhang Dibo Liu Lvtong Zhao Jun Wang Shuguang Xie Shuming Liu Pengfei Lin Xiaojian Zhang Chao Chen State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control College of Environmental Sciences and EngineeringPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Research Institute for Environmental Innovation(Suzhou) TsinghuaSuzhou 215163China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100012China

The qualified finished water from water treatment plants(WTPs) may become discolored and deteriorated during transportation in drinking water distribution systems(DWDSs), which affected tap water quality seriously. This water stability problem often occurs due to pipe corrosion and the destabilization of corrosion scales. This paper provides a comprehensive review of pipe corrosion in DWDSs, including corrosion process, corrosion scale formation, influencing factors and monitoring technologies utilized in DWDSs. In terms of corrosion process, corrosion occurrence, development mechanisms, currently applied assays, and indices used to determine the corrosion possibility are summarized, as well as the chemical and bacterial influences. In terms of scale formation, explanations for the nature of corrosion and scale formation mechanisms are discussed and its typical multilayered structure is illustrated. Furthermore, the influences of water quality and microbial activity on scale transformation are comprehensively discussed. Corrosion-related bacteria at the genus level and their associated corrosion mechanism are also summarized. This review helps deepen the current understanding of pipe corrosion and scale formation in DWDSs, providing guidance for water supply utilities to ensure effective measures to maintain water quality stability and guarantee drinking water safety.

关键词： Corrosion scale formation Water quality stability Drinking water distribution system Iron pipe Water supply safety

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Influence of simulating deep-sea environmental factors on cathodic performance of seawater battery

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2020年第2期38卷 334-341页

作者： LU Yonghong YANG Lulu ZHANG Yue ZHAO Qing SANG Lin DING Fei XU Haibo College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Power Sources Tianjin Institute of Power SourcesTianjin 300084China

A metal-dissolved oxygen seawater battery(SWB)uses metal and dissolved oxygen as the reactants,and it is ideal for use as a long-time low-power distributed power supply in deep sea,due to its advantages of open structure in service without electrolyte.However,several simulating deep-sea environmental factors,such as flow rate,dissolved oxygen concentration,and temperature of seawater may af fect the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)rate and the stability of electrochemically modified polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber brush(MPAN-CFB)cathode,which was studied by steady-state polarization and galvanostatic discharge methods.In addition,the scales formed on MPAN-CFB surface were characterized by SEM and XRD.Results show that the ORR rate increased quickly with the increase of the seawater flow rate up to 3 cm/s,and then gradually stabilized.Moreover,the ORR rate was largely af fected by dissolved oxygen concentration,and the concentration of>3 mg/L was favorable.Compared with surface layer temperature of 15℃,the low temperature of deep sea(4℃)has a negligible ef fect on ORR rate.When the working current is too high,it will lead to the formation of CaCO_3 scales(aragonite)of at the cathodic surface,resulting in the decrease of ORR rate,and consequently the damage to the long-time stability of MPAN-CFB.

关键词： seawater battery(SWB) deep sea modified polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber brush(MPANCFB) oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) scale formation

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Discussion on the CHE Programming Characteristics with the Scaling Down of Charge Trapping Flash Memory

Discussion on the CHE Programming Characteristics with the S...

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2006 8th International Conference on Solid-State and Integrated Circuit Technology

作者： Lei Sun Liyang Pan Xian Luo Dong Wu Jun Zhu Institute of Microelectronics Tsinghua University

ISBN: (纸本)1424401607

＜正＞The scaling down issues in the charge trapping memory are investigated in this work.In the sub-100 nm devices,the punch-through problem,as well as high program voltage and electrical field limitation are studied by device simulation and measurement.We found CHE program mechanism will eventually meet certain limitation in the future short channel devices. Furthermore,program induced charge distribution is extracted by a charge pumping method,and the related problems to the multi-bit application is discussed.

关键词： CHARGE TRAPPING scale formation Dental Scaling Scaling Charge pumps flash memories Northern Ireland FLUFF Debates Programming induced charge CHARGE DISTRIBUTION

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Instabilities in Deep Submicron SRAM

Instabilities in Deep Submicron SRAM

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2006 8th International Conference on Solid-State and Integrated Circuit Technology

作者： Ashish Kumar Non-Volatile Static Memories Group STMicroelectronics Pvt Ltd NoidaIndia

ISBN: (纸本)1424401607

＜正＞Scaling to nano scale cmos has provided high density SRAM.Reduced cell area and increased density has created problem of standby leakage.scaled down SRAM cell has more leakage and at high temperature it creates serious power issues.Application of leakage reduction methods generally lowers rail-to-rail voltage and hence reducing the stability of the cell.Reduction in cell node capacitance further increases the problem of soft errors.

关键词： Static random access storage rail-to-rail increased density scale formation Extravasation SRAM cells Cells leakage Hence Dental Scaling Scaling

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