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sap flow characteristics of three afforestation species during the wet and dry seasons in a dry-hot valley in Southwest China

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Journal of Forestry Research 2017年第1期28卷 51-62页

作者： Xiaofei Wang Jianfeng Liu Yongyu Sun Kun Li Chunhua Zhang Research Institute of Resources Insects Chinese Academy of Forestry Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration Research Institute of ForestryChinese Academy of Forestry

Assessing and using tree species （exotic or native） with superior tolerance to environmental stresses （such as drought and high temperature） play an important role in afforestation practices. In the present study, stem sap flow characteristics and responses to ambient meteo- rological factors of three tree species, Albizzia kalkora （native）, Azadirachta indica （exotic）, and Acacia auriculaeformis （exotic）, in a dry-hot valley （Yuanmou, Yunnan Province, China） were investigated using thermal dissipation probes. The diurnal dynamics of sap flow in three studied species displayed an obvious circadian rhythm during the wet and dry seasons, with the exception of A. indica during the dry season. The sap flow velocity （SFV） in A. kalkora and A. auriculaeformis was significantly positively correlated with photosynthetically active radiation （PAR）, air temperature, vapour pressure deficit （VPD） and wind speed, but negatively correlated with atmospheric relative humidity over the two seasons. The cross-corre- lation analysis also revealed that the SFV of the three species was significantly correlated with PAR and VPD （P 〈 0.001）. Additionally, stem sap flow lagged behind PAR but ahead of VPD, and the diurnal sap flow was more dependent on PAR than on VPD. However, we found that the dominant climatic factor influencing the stem sap flow differed between daytime and nighttime. PAR was more influential than other meteorological factors during the daytime, while VPD or other factors were more influential overnight. When the nighttime refilling ability of the three tree species was compared, our results suggest that A. indica has higher drought resistance and better for afforestation of the studied region.

关键词： sap flow Thermal dissipation probes Meteorological factors Refill Dry-hot valley

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Effects of deficit irrigation on daily and seasonal variations of trunk sap flow and its growth in Calligonum arborescens

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Journal of Arid Land 2013年第2期5卷 233-243页

作者： LiShan SHAN Yi LI RuiFeng ZHAO XiMing ZHANG Forestry Department Gansu Agricultural University College of Geography and Environment Science Northwest Normal University Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences

Water deficit in arid and semiarid regions affects whole-plant sap flow and leaf-level water relations. The objectives of this study were to clarify how sap flow of Calligonum arborescens responds to different drought stress conditions and to understand its acclimation mechanism to drought environments. A field experiment was conducted for C. arborescens during the growing season to evaluate the effects of deficit irrigation on the daily and seasonal variations of trunk sap flow in the shelterbelt along the Tarim Desert Highway, Xinjiang, China. Three dif- ferent water regimes （2,380, 1,960 and 1,225 m3/hm2） were applied at different stages of plant growth. From 1 May to 30 October 2007, a heat-balance stem flow gauge was used to monitor the sap flow dynamics of C. arborescens under different water regimes. Atmospheric evaporation demand and soil moisture conditions for differentially irri- gated C. arborescens were also monitored. The result showed that sap flow exhibited a clear diurnal pattern re- gardless of treatments; the diurnal patterns of sap flow and vapour pressure deficit were very similar under different water regimes and growing seasons, while the slope of the linear regression of this correlation confirmed an in- creasing water regime. The sap flow decreased under reduced water regimes and there was nocturnal sap flow regardless of water regimes, which was mainly contributed to nocturnal transpiration and water recharge. The sap flow peaked before midnight and dropped afterwards with obviously higher values in summer than in other seasons. It is speculated that the water consumption of C. arborescens during the day can be supplemented through the sap flow at night, which increased with increasing irrigation amount. Net radiation was the most significant correlated factor that influenced sap flow velocity and transpiration under different water regimes （R2〉0.719）. Compared with the commonly practiced water regime, the growth of C. arborescens was signi

关键词： Calligonum arborescens sap flow environmental factor growth parameter Tarim Desert Highway

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Radial profile of sap flow velocity in mature Xinjiang poplar(Populus alba L. var. pyramidalis) in Northwest China

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Journal of Arid Land 2014年第5期6卷 612-627页

作者： HongZhong DANG TianShan ZHA JinSong ZHANG Wei LI ShiZeng LIU Institute of Desertification Studies Chinese Academy of Forestry School of Soil and Water Conservation Beijing Forestry University Research Institute of Forestry Chinese Academy of Forestry Gansu Desert Control Research Institute

Estimation of the transpiration rate for a tree is generally based on sap flow measurements within the hydro-active stem xylem. In this study, radial variation of sap flow velocity（Js） was investigated at five depths of the xylem（1, 2, 3, 5 and 8 cm under the cambium） in three mature Xinjiang poplar（Populus alba L. var. pyramidalis） trees grown at the Gansu Minqin National Studies Station for Desert Steppe Ecosystem from May to October 2011. Thermal dissipation probes of various lengths manufactured according to the Granier＇s design were installed into each tree for simultaneous observation of the radial patterns of Js through the xylem. The radial patterns were found to fit the four-parameter GaussAmp equation. The peak Js was about 27.02±0.95 kg/（dm2？d） at approximately 3 to 5 cm deep from the cambium of the three trees,and the lowest Js appeared at 1 cm deep in most of the time. Approximately 50% of the total sap flow in Xinjiang poplar occurred within one-third of the xylem from its outer radius, whereas 90% of the total sap flow occurred within two-fifth of the xylem. In addition, the innermost point of the xylem（at 8-cm depth）, which appeared as the penultimate sap flow in most cases during the study period, was hydro-active with Js,8 of 7.55±3.83 kg/（dm2？d）. The radial pattern of Js was found to be steeper in midday than in other time of the day, and steeper diurnal fluctuations were recorded in June, July and August（the mid-growing season）. Maximum differences between the lowest Js（Js,1 or Js,8） and the highest Js（Js,3 or Js,5） from May through October were 12.41, 17.35, 16.30, 18.52, 12.60 and 16.04 g/（cm2？h）, respectively. The time-dependent changes of Js along the radial profile（except at 1-cm depth） were strongly related to the reference evapotranspiration（ET0）. Due to significant radial variability of Js, the mean daily sap flow at the whole-tree level could be over-estimated by up to 29.69% when only a single probe at depth of 2 cm was used. However, t

关键词： sap flow radial pattern Populus alba L.var.pyramidalis reference evapotranspiration(ET0) Granier method

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Comparison of Methods for Estimating Crop Water Use: sap flow, FAO-56 Penman-Monteith, and Weather Parameters

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Agricultural Sciences 2023年第5期14卷 617-628页

作者： Younsuk Dong Hunter Hansen Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Michigan State University East Lansing USA

Knowing crop water uptake each day is useful for developing irrigation scheduling. Many technologies have been used to estimate daily crop water use. sap flow is one of the technologies that measure water flow through the stem of a plant and estimate daily crop water uptake. sap flow sensor is an effective direct method for measuring crop water use, but it is relatively expensive and requires frequent maintenance. Therefore, alternative methods, such as evapotranspiration based on FAO 56 Penman-Monteith equation and other weather parameters were evaluated to find the correlation with sap flow. In this study, Dynamax flow 32-1K sap flow system was utilized to monitor potato water use. The results show sap flow has a strong correlation with evapotranspiration (RMSE = 1.34, IA = 0.89, MBE = -0.83), solar radiation (RMSE = 2.25, IA = 0.72, MBE = -1.80), but not with air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and vapor pressure. It is worth noting that the R2 between sap flow and relative humidity was 0.55. This study has concluded that daily evapotranspiration and solar radiation can be used as alternative methods to estimate sap flow.

关键词： Crop Water Use Irrigation sap flow Evapotranspiration Weather Parameter

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Critical effects on the photosynthetic efficiency and stem sap flow of poplar in the Yellow River Delta in response to soil water

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Journal of Forestry Research 2021年第6期32卷 2485-2498页

作者： Changxi Wang Huanyong Liu Jiangbao Xia Xianshuang Xing Shuyong Zhang State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in Downstream Areas of the Yellow River Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaian 271018People’s Republic of China Shandong Key Laboratory of Eco-Environmental Science for the Yellow River Delta Binzhou UniversityBinzhou 256603People’s Republic of China Hydrographic Office of Shandong Province Jinan 250002People’s Republic of China

To explore the critical relationships of photosynthetic efficiency and stem sap flow to soil moisture,two-year-old poplar saplings were selected and a packaged stem sap flow gauge,based on the stem-heat balance method,and a CIRAS-2 portable photosynthesis system were *** results show that photosynthetic rates(P_(n)),transpiration rates(T_(r)),instantaneous water use efficiency(WUE)and the stem sap flow increased initially and then decreased with decreasing soil water,but their critical values were *** turning point of relative soil water content(W_(r))from stomatal limitation to nonstomatal limitation of P_(n)was 42%,and the water compensation point of P_(n)was 13%.Water saturation points of P_(n)and T_(r)were 64%and 56%,respectively,and the WUE was 71%.With increasing soil water,the apparent quantum yield(AQY),light saturation point(LSP)and maximum net photosynthetic rate(P_(n)max)increased first and then decreased,while the light compensation point(LCP)decreased first and then *** W_(r)was 64%,LCP reached a lower value of 30.7µmol m^(-2)s^(-1),and AQY a higher value of 0.044,indicating that poplar had a strong ability to utilize weak *** W_(r)was 74%,LSP reached its highest point at 1138.3µmol·m^(-2)s^(-1),indicating that poplar had the widest light ecological amplitude and the highest light utilization *** sap flow and daily sap flow reached the highest value(1679.7 g d^(-1))at W_(r)values of 56%and 64%,respectively,and then declined with increasing or decreasing W_(r),indicating that soil moisture significantly affected the transpiration water-consumption of *** water was divided into six threshold grades by critical values to maintain photosynthetic efficiency at different levels,and a W_(r)of 64-71%was classified to be at the level of high productivity and high *** this range,poplar had high photosynthetic capacity and efficient physiological characteristics for water *** saplings had c

关键词： Gas exchange parameters sap flow Soil moisture Water use efficiency Yellow River Delta

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Modeling of Soybean Plant sap flow

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Agricultural Sciences 2022年第5期13卷 658-673页

作者： Mukhammadzakhrab Ismanov Christopher Henry Leonel Espinoza Paul Francis Department of Crop Soil and Environmental Sciences University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR USA Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR USA College of Forestry Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Arkansas Monticello AR USA

Soybean (Glycine max. (L.) Merr.) sap flow during the growth stages in relation to soil moisture, nutrition, and weather conditions determine the plant development. Modeling this process helps to better understand the plant water-nutrition uptake and improve the decisions of efficient irrigation management and other inputs for effective soybean production. Field studies of soybean sap flow took place in 2017-2021 at Marianna, Arkansas using heat balance stem flow gauges to measure the sap flow during the reproductive growth stages R3-R7. Plant water uptake was measured using the lysimeter-container method. The uniform sap flow-based hydraulic system in the soil-root-stem-leaf pathway created negative water tensions with osmotic processes and water surface tensions in stomata cells as water evaporation layers increase are the mechanism of the plant water uptake. Any changes the factors like soil water tension, solar radiation, or air relative humidity immediately, within a few seconds, affect the system’s balance and cause simultaneously appropriate reactions in different parts of the system. The plant water use model was created from plant emergence, vegetative to final reproductive growth stages depending on soil-weather conditions, plant morphology, and biomass. The main factors of the model include solar radiation, air temperature, and air relative humidity. The effective sap flow uptake occurs around 0.8 KPa VPD. Further research is needed to optimize the model’s factors to increase the plant growth dynamics and yield productivity.

关键词： sap flow Water Potential Solar Radiation Air Relative Humidity Vapor Pressure Deficit Evapotranspiration

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Path analysis of sap flow of tomato under rain shelters in response to drought stress

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2016年第2期9卷 54-62页

作者： Shao Guangcheng Huang Doudou Cheng Xi Cui Jingtao Zhang Zhenhua Key Laboratory of Efficient Irrigation-Drainage and Agricultural Soil-Water Environment in Southern China Ministry of EducationCollege of Water Conservancy and Hydropower EngineeringHohai UniversityNanjing 210098China

The physiological characters and growth of tomato(Solanum lycopersicum L.)were recorded to be largely affected by different levels of *** objectives of this research were to determine the effects of deficit irrigation and rain shelters on sap flow,relative water content and the relationship between sap flow and environmental *** under rain shelters conditions were conducted in southern China during the growing seasons in *** threshold of irrigation was designed at 80%field capacity during the whole period(T1,the control),and 30%,40%and 50%decreased water of T1 were applied as the treatments of T2,T3 and *** plants subjected to water stress exhibited a decrease in the values of sap flow rate and relative water *** of 95%confidence level revealed a significant difference of sap flow rate in T4 and T3 as well as the control on sunny and rainy *** diurnal variation of the sap flow showed a single peak curve on sunny day,while it demonstrated irregular multi-peak variation on rainy *** study also showed that the most sensitive environmental indicator affecting sap flow was solar radiation,followed by air temperature and vapour pressure *** path coefficient was basically consistent with the coefficient of correlation,but there was slight difference between the total contribution R2 and that of variable factors.

关键词： drought stress tomato sap flow rain shelters deficit irrigation path analysis

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Identification of sap flow driving factors of jujube plantation in semi-arid areas in Northwest China

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2017年第2期10卷 172-183页

作者： Wei Xinguang Li Bo Guo Chengjiu Wang Youke He Jianqiang Shouyang Liu Wang Tieliang Yao Mingze College of Water Conservancy Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang 110866China College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China Unite of Modelling Agricultural and Hydrological Systems in the Mediterranean Environment French National Institute of Agronomic Research(INRA)Avignon 84914France

Jujube is widely cultivated in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau in Northwest China due to its high water deficit *** such an ecologically vulnerable area,it is critical to explore the water consumption processes of key tree species and their responses to driving *** flow data gathered during a two-year field study in a jujube plantation were analyzed as a surrogate for transpiration *** measured sap flows were related to changes in the soil water content,meteorological factors(the vapor pressure deficit and the level of photosynthetically active radiation),and plant physiological factors(the sap wood area,leaf area and leaf area index).The factors that govern sap flow were found to vary depending on the growing season,and on hourly and daily *** plants’drought tolerance could be predicted based on their peak sap flows and the variation in their sap flow rates at different soil water *** sap flow was most strongly affected by the water content of the topmost(0-20 cm)soil *** the studied meteorological factors,the photosynthetically active radiation had a greater effect on sap flow than the vapor pressure *** correlation we found could be applied to predict jujube tree water consumption and assist the design of irrigation scheme.

关键词： jujube sap flow soil water content photosynthetically active radiation the Loess Plateau

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Effect of Nitrogen on Water Content, sap flow, and Tolerance of Rice Plants to Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens

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Rice science 2004年第3期11卷 129-134页

作者： LuZhong-xian S.VILLAREAL YuXiao-ping K.L.HEONG HuCui PlantProtectionInstitute ZhejiangAcademyofAgriculturalSciencesHangzhou310021China InternationalRiceResearchInstitute DAPOBox777MetroManilaPhilippines InstituteofAppliedEntomology ZhejiangUniversityHangzhou310029China

Water content (WC) and sap flow from leaf sheath of rice plants with varying nitrogen levels at different growth stages, and fluctuations in relative water content (RWC) of rice plants being damaged by brown planthoppcr (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens were determined in the laboratory, and the tolerance of rice plants to BPH at different nitrogen regimes was evaluated in the greenhouse at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), the Philippines. The results indicated that both WC and RWC were increased significantly, as the amount of sap flow from rice plants was reduced statistically, with the increase of nitrogen content in rice plants. RWC in rice plants applied with high nitrogen fertilizer decreased drastically by the injury of BPH nymphs, while the reduced survival duration of rice plants with the increase of nitrogen content was recorded. These may be considered to be one of the important factors in increasing the susceptibility to BPH damage on rice plants applied with nitrogen fertilizer.

关键词： brown planthopper nitrogen relative water content sap flow tolerance

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Combining sap flow measurement-based canopy stomatal conductance and 13C discrimination to estimate forest carbon assimilation

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Science Bulletin 2005年第18期 55-61页

作者： ZHAO Ping1, LU Ping2, MA Ling1, SUN Guchou1, RAO Xingquan1, CAI Xi’an1 & ZENG Xiaoping1 1. South China Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China 2. CSIRO Plant Industry, Darwin Laboratory, PMB44 Winnellie, NT 0822, Australia

The available methods for studying C uptake of forest and their problems in practices are reviewed, and a new approach to combining sap flow and 13C techniques is proposed in this paper. This approach, obtained through strict mathematic derivation, combines sap flow measure-ment-based canopy stomatal conductance and 13C discrimi-nation to estimate instantaneous carbon assimilation rate of a forest. Namely the mean canopy stomatal conductance (gc) acquired from accurate measurement of sap flux density is integrated with the relationship between 13C discrimination (?) and Ci/Ca (intercellular/ambient CO2 concentrations) and with that between Anet (net photosynthetic rate) and gCO2 (stomatal conductance for CO2) so that a new relation be-tween forest C uptake and ? as well as gc is established. It is a new method of such kind for studying the C exchange be-tween forest and atmosphere based on experimental ecology.

关键词： sap flow stable carbon isotope C assimilation Granier’s thermal dissipation probe mean canopy stomatal conductance.

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