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Groundwater Potentials Estimation of a Basement Terrain Using Pumping Test Data for Parts of sanga Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Northwestern Nigeria

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Open Journal of Modern Hydrology 2016年第4期6卷 222-229页

作者： Hamidu Hassan Sidi Muhammad Waru Garga Ali Bukar Kana Muhammad Abdullahi Department of Geology Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto Nigeria Department of Geology University of Maiduguri Maiduguri Nigeria Department of Civil and Water Resources Engineering University of Maiduguri Maiduguri Nigeria Department of Geology Ahmadu Bello University Samaru Zaria Nigeria

Aquifers derived from the crystalline basement rocks for parts of sanga Local Government area of Kaduna State, Nigeria consist of clay, silt, sand, gravel and laterite materials which may be in various proportions. Using Cooper-Jacobs non-equilibrium graphical method, the hydraulic properties were estimated from pumping test data of 18 boreholes. Conductivity varies from 1.02 × 10﹣2 m/s to 4.07 × 10﹣2 m/s and transmissivity varies from 1.14 × 10﹣1 m2/s to 4.40 × 10﹣1 m2/s. The values of specific capacity range between 1.03 × 10﹣1 m2/s/m and 9.00 × 10﹣2 m2/s/m, and these values indicate that the aquifers in the area have low to moderate ground water potentials. The low yield range of between 0.45 l/s and 1.00 l/s recorded in the area shows the heterogeneous and anisotropy nature of the basement aquifer system in terms of groundwater discharge. On the average, the boreholes assessed have potentials to sustain local to regional supply provided the best drilling method and materials are used and well completion properly done.

关键词： Pumping Test Heterogeneous Anisotropy Conductivity Discharge sanga

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Report on a breeding objective that may reduce the carbon footprint of extensive cow-calf production systems

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Natural Science 2013年第1期5卷 167-171页

作者： Motshabi Catherine Mokolobate Machiel Matthys Scholtz Sendros Demeke Mulugeta Frederick Wilhelm Cornelius Neser ARC-Animal Production Institute Irene South Africa&Department of Animal Wildlife and Grassland Sciences University of Free State Bloemfontein South Africa ARC-Animal Production Institute Irene South Africa *Corresponding Author Department of Animal Wildlife and Grassland Sciences University of Free State Bloemfontein South Africa North West University Mmabatho South Africa

Most measurements for beef improvement in South Africa are per individual (weaning weight, calving interval, growth rate, etc.). A measurement that expresses performance per constant unit, e.g. kilogram calf weaned per Large Stock Unit (LSU) can eventually be translated to kilogram calf produced per kg CO2 equivalent. A LSU is defined as a bovine requiring 75 MJ Metabolisable Energy (ME) per day. If more kilogram weaner calf can be produced per LSU (KgC/LSU), the carbon footprint of beef can be reduced. This study used breed average values to investigate the KgC/LSU for the 30 beef and dual purpose breeds in South Africa. The breeds were categorized in the following breed types: sanga (indigenous to South Africa) sanga derived, Zebu, Zebu derived, British and European. No relationship was found between cow weights and KgC/LSU, indicating that it is independent of cow weight between breeds. However, when the data is summarized into breed types, the sanga and European breed types produce the least KgC/ LSU and sanga derived breed types the most. This high value of the sanga derived breeds is probably due to retained heterosis. Composite breeds are mostly intermediate to parental breeds for individual traits but superior for composite traits and KgC/LSU is a composite trait. These calculations were only done on breed averages. A genetic analysis on a breed level to estimate genetic parameters for this trait, and its genetic correlations with other traits now needs to be done before a decision can be taken whether selection for KgC/LSU will be feasible. The ultimate aim with a trait like this is to reduce the carbon footprint of weaner calf production since more kilogram calf will be produced per LSU (constant feed unit).

关键词： Beef Production Breeding Cattle Large Stock Unit sanga Weaner Calf Component

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