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Pandemonium Breaks Out:Disruption of salicylic Acid-Mediated Defense by Plant Pathogens

Molecular Plant 2018年第12期11卷 1427-1439页

作者： Guang Qi Jian Chen Ming Chang Huan Chen Katherine Hall John Korin Fengquan Liu Daowen Wang Zheng Qing Fu State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science and College of Agronomy Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou 450002 China lnstitute of Plant Protection Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology Nanjing 210014 China Department of Biological Sciences University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208USA These authors contributed equally to this article

salicylic acid (SA) or 2-hydroxybenoic acid is a phenolic plant hormone that plays an essential role in plant defense against biotrophic and semi-biotrophic pathogens. In Arabidopsis, SA is synthesized from chorismate in the chloroplast through the ICS1 (isochorismate synthase I) pathway during pathogen infectioru The transcription co-activator NPR1 (Non-Expresser of Pathogenesis-Related Gene 1), as the master regulator of SA signaling, interacts with transcription factors to induce the expression of anti-microbial PR (Pathogenesis-Related) genes. To establish successful in fections, plant bacterial, oomycete, fun gal, and viral pathogens have evolved at least three major strategies to disrupt SA-mediated defense? The first strategy is to reduce SA accumulation directly by converting SA into its inactive derivatives. The second strategy is to interrupt SA biosynthesis by targeting the ICS1 pathway. In the third major strategy, plant pathogens deploy different mechanisms to interfere with SA downstream signaling. The wide array of strategies deployed by plant pathogens highlights the crucial role of disruption of SA-mediated plant defense in plant pathogenesis. A deeper understanding of this topic will greatly expand our knowledge of how plant pathogens cause diseases and consequently pave the way for the development of more effective ways to corn trol these diseases.

关键词： salicylic acid NPR1 PR proteins effectors toxin VIGS

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PBS3 and EPS1 Complete salicylic Acid Biosynthesis from Isochorismate in Arabidopsis

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Molecular Plant 2019年第12期12卷 1577-1586页

作者： Michael P.Torrens-Spence Anastassia Bobokalonova Valentina Carballo Christopher MGlinkerman Toma(s)Pluskal Amber Shen Jing-Ke Weng Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research 455 Main StreetCambridgeMA 02142USA Department of Biology Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA

salicylic acid(SA)is an important phytohormone mediating both local and systemic defense responses in plants.Despite over half a century of research,how plants biosynthesize SA remains unresolved.In Arabidop-sis,a major part of SA is derived from isochorismate,a key intermediate produced by the isochorismate syn-thase,which is reminiscent of SA biosynthesis in bacteria.Whereas bacteria employ an isochorismate pyru-vate lyase(IPL)that catalyzes the turnover of isochorismate to pyruvate and SA,plants do not contain an IPL ortholog and generate SA from isochorismate through an unknown mechanism.Combining genetic and biochemical approaches,we delineated the SA biosynthetic pathway downstream of isochorismate in Ara-bidopsis.We found that PBS3,a GH3 acyl adenylase-family enzyme important for SA accumulation,catalyzes ATP-and Mg2+-dependent conjugation of L-glutamate primarily to the 8-carboxyl of isochorismate and yields the key SA biosynthetic intermediate,isochorismoyl-glutamate A.Moreover,we discovered that EPS1,a BAHD acyltransferase-family protein with a previously implicated role in SA accumulation upon pathogen attack,harbors a noncanonical active site and an unprecedented isochorismoyl-glutamate A pyruvoyl-glutamate lyase activity that produces SA from the isochorismoyl-glutamate A substrate.Together,PBS3 and EPS1 form a two-step metabolic pathway to produce SA from isochorismate in Arabidopsis,which is distinct from how SA is biosynthesized in bacteria.This study closes a major knowledge gap in plant SA meta-bolism and would help develop new strategies for engineering disease resistance in crop plants.

关键词： salicylic acid PBS1 EPS1 isochorismic acid plant defense plant hormone

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Common mycorrhizal networks activate salicylic acid defense responses of trifoliate orange(Poncirus trifoliata)

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2019年第10期61卷 1099-1111页

作者： Yi-Can Zhang Ying-Ning Zou Li-Ping Liu Qiang-Sheng Wu College of Horticulture and Gardening Yangtze University Jingzhou 434025 China Institute of Root Biology Yangtze University Jingzhou 434025 China Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Hradec Kralove Hradec Kralove 50003 Czech Republic

Citrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas axonopo-dis pv. citri ('Xac'), is an important quarantine disease in citrus crops. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic interactions with host plants and further affect their disease resistance, possibly by modulating the activity of salicylic acid (SA), a key phytohormone in disease resistance. Common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) can interconnect plants, but it is not yet clear whether CMNs promote resistance to citrus canker and, if so, whether SA signaling is involved in this process. To test this possibility, we used a two-chambered rootbox to establish CMNs between trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) seedlings in chambers inoculated (treated) or not (neighboring) with the AMF, Paraglomus occultum. A subset of the AMF-inoculated seedlings were also inoculated with Xac (+AMF+Xac). At 2 d post-inoculation (dpi), compared with the +AMF-Xac treatment, neighboring seedlings in +AMF+Xac treatment had lower expression levels of the SA biosynthetic genes, PtPAL, PtEPS1, and PtPBS3, but higher SA levels, which attributed to the upregulation of PtPAL and PtPBS3 in treated seedlings and the transfer of SA, via CMNs, to the neighboring seedlings. At 4 dpi, the pathogenesis-related (PR) protein genes, PtPR1, PtPR4, and PtPR5, and the transcriptional regulatory factor gene, PtNPR1, were activated in neighboring seedlings of+AMF+Xac treatment. At 9 dpi, root phenylalanine ammo-nia-lyase activity and total soluble phenol and lignin concentrations increased in neighboring seedlings of+AMF+Xac treatment, likely due to the linkage and signal transfer, via CMNs. These findings support the hypothesis that CMNs transfer the SA signal from infected to neighboring healthy seedlings, to activate defense responses and affording protection to neighboring plants against citrus canker infection.

关键词： Poncirus trifoliata mycorrhizal salicylic acid defense responses

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Redundant CAMTA Transcription Factors Negatively Regulate the Biosynthesis of salicylic Acid and N-Hydroxypipecolic Acid by Modulating the Expression of SARD1 and CBP60g

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Molecular Plant 2020年第1期13卷 144-156页

作者： Tongjun Sun Jianhua Huang Yan Xu Vani Verma Beibei Jing Yulin Sun Alberto Ruiz Orduna Hainan Tian Xingchuan Huang Shitou Xia Laurel Schafer Reinhard Jetter Yuelin Zhang Xin Li Michael Smith Laboratories University of British ColumbiaVancouverBC V6T 1Z4Canada Department of Botany University of British ColumbiaVancouverBC V6T 1Z4Canada Department of Chemistry University of British ColumbiaVancouverBC V6T 1Z4Canada National Institute of Biological Sciences Eeijing 102206China School of Life Sciences Northeast Normal UniversityChangchunChina Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development Hunan Agricultural UniversityChangshaHunan 410128China

Two signal molecules, salicylic acid (SA) and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP), play critical roles in plant immunity. The biosynthetic genes of both compounds are positively regulated by master immune-regulating transcription factors SARD1 and CBP60g. However, the relationship between the SA and NHP pathways is unclear. CALMODULIN-BINDING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 (CAMTA1), CAMTA2, and CAMTA3 are known redundant negative regulators of plant immunity, but the underlying mechanism also remains largely unknown. In this study, through chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, we uncovered that CBP60g is a direct target of CAMTA3, which also negatively regulates the expression of SARD1, presumably via an indirect effect. The autoimmunity of camta3-1 is suppressed by sard1 cbp60g double mutant as well as ald1 and fmo1, two single mutants defective in NHP biosynthesis. Interestingly, a suppressor screen conducted in the camta1/ 2/ 3 triple mutant background yielded various mutants blocking biosynthesis or signaling of either SA or NHP, leading to nearly complete suppression of the extreme autoimmunity of camta1/ 2/ 3, suggesting that the SA and NHP pathways can mutually amplify each other. Together, these results reveal that CAMTAs repress the biosynthesis of SA and NHP by modulating the expression of SARD1 and CBP60g, and that the SA and NHP pathways are coordinated to optimize plant immune response.

关键词： CAMTA1/2/3 SARD1 CBP60g salicylic acid NHP systemic acquired resistance

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Decrement of catalase mRNA level after salicylic acid treatment

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1998年第4期43卷 322-325页

作者： Song Zeshuang Jiang Guoying Lu Yingchun Zhu Yuxian Peking Univ Coll Life Sci State Lab Prot Engn & Plant Genet Engn Beijing 100871 Peoples R China

Using the barley catalase cDNA as a probe, the effects of salicylic acid (SA) on catalase activity and gene expression have bene studied. The data indicated that higher than 3 0 mmol/L SA inhibited catalase activity to a large extent and Northern blot analysis demonstrated that the decrease in catalase activity coincided with a decrease in its mRNA level. The important role of SA in plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and its possible mechanism are discussed.

关键词： catalase gene salicylic acid SAR.

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Alleviation of nickel toxicity in finger millet(Eleusine coracana L.)germinating seedlings by exogenous application of salicylic acid and nitric oxide

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The Crop Journal 2017年第3期5卷 240-250页

作者： Kasi Viswanath Kotapati Bhagath Kumar Palaka Dinakara Rao Ampasala Centre for Bioinformatics School of Life SciencesPondicherry UniversityPuducherry 605014India

This study investigated the effect of salicylic acid(SA) and sodium nitroprusside(SNP; NO donor) on nickel(Ni) toxicity in germinating finger millet seedlings. Fourteen-day-old finger millet plants were subjected to 0.5 mmol L^(-1) Ni overload and treated with 0.2 mmol L^(-1)salicylic acid and 0.2 mmol L^(-1)sodium nitroprusside to lessen the toxic effect of Ni.The Ni overload led to high accumulation in the roots of growing plants compared to shoots, causing oxidative stress. It further reduced root and shoot length, dry mass,total chlorophyll, and mineral content. Exogenous addition of either 0.2 mmol L^(-1)SA or0.2 mmol L^(-1)SNP reduced the toxic effect of Ni, and supplementation with both SA and SNP significantly reduced the toxic effect of Ni and increased root and shoot length,chlorophyll content, dry mass, and mineral concentration in Ni-treated plants. The results show that oxidative stress can be triggered in finger millet plants by Ni stress by induction of lipoxygenase activity, increase in levels of proline, O_2^(·-) radical, MDA, and H_2O_2, and reduction in the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, SOD, and APX in shoots and roots. Exogenous application of SA or SNP, specifically the combination of SA + SNP,protects finger millet plants from oxidative stress observed under Ni treatment.

关键词： Finger millet Antioxidant enzymes Ni salicylic acid Sodium nitroprusside

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Physiological Mechanism of salicylic Acid for Alleviation of Salt Stress in Rice

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Rice science 2017年第2期24卷 97-108页

作者： D.JINI B.JOSEPH Department of Biotechnology Manonmaniam Sundaranar UniversityTirunelveli 627012Tamil NaduIndia Dean Centre for Research and ConsultancyHindustan University/Institute of Technology and SciencePadurKelambakkamChennai 603103Tamil NaduIndia

Soil salinity is one of the most important problems of crop production in estuarine and coastal zones. Improvement in salt tolerance of major food crops is an important way for the economic utilization of coastal zones. This study proved that the application of salicylic acid(SA) improved the growth and yield under salt stress conditions and investigated its physiological mechanisms for salt tolerance. The investigation on the effect of SA for salt tolerance during germination showed that the decreased rates of germination and growth(in terms of shoot and root lengths) by the salt stress were significantly increased by the SA application(SA + NaCl). The treatment of SA to the high and low saline soils enhanced the growth, yield and nutrient values of rice. The effects of SA on Na^+, K^+ and Cl~– ionic accumulation were traced under salt stress condition by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and ion chromatography. It was revealed that the increased accumulation of Na^+ and Clˉ ions by the salt stress were reduced by SA application. An increased concentration of endogenous SA level was detected from the SA-treated rice varieties(ASD16 and BR26) by liquid chromatography electrospray Ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase were increased by salt stress whereas decreased by the SA application. The study proved that the application of SA could alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress by the regulation of physiological mechanism in rice plants. In spite of salt stress, it can be applied to the coastal and estuarine regions to increase the rice production.

关键词： salicylic acid salt tolerance Oryza sativa NaCl germination physiology

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Induction of salicylic Acid on Alternative Pathway in Aging Potato Tuber Slices

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1994年第19期39卷 1644-1647页

作者：文江祁梁厚果 Laboratory of Plant Physiology Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 PRC

Respiration is one of the most important physiological processes in plants. Plant mitochondria are unique compared with animal mitochondria because plant mitochondria possess two electron transport systems: cytochrome... 详细信息

关键词： Solamon tuberosum aging alternative pathway salicylic acid.

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salicylic Acid Alleviates Aluminum Toxicity in Tomato Seedlings (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) through Activation of Antioxidant Defense System and Proline Biosynthesis

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2014年第9期5卷 777-789页

作者： Varalakshmi Surapu Anjaneyulu Ediga Balaji Meriga Department of Biochemistry Sri Venkateswara University Tirupati India

The aim of this work was to evaluate the alleviating efficacy of salicylic acid (100, 250 and 500 μM) against the toxic effects of aluminum (Al) on two tomato cultivars (GOWRI and SIRI) differing in their sensitivity to Al stress. Al treatment (500 μM) caused 40% - 80% drop in plant growth, relative water content (RWC) and cell viability and a reduction of 1 - 2.5 fold and 0.5 - 2 fold in glutathione and proline content respectively, when compared to their control plants grown in Al free medium. Al treatment also resulted in 2 - 5 fold raise in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, 2 - 3 fold higher Al uptake and 55% - 80% more electrolyte leakage and caused severe DNA damage. Al stress enhanced (1 - 2 fold) the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), but decreased catalase (CAT) activity over their respective controls. Exogenously-applied salicylic acid (SA) significantly (p < 0.05) and dose-dependently alleviated Al-induced toxicity in tomato seedlings as marked by much improved plant growth, retention of higher RWC, cell viability, glutathione and proline content. SA also caused 0.6 - 1.5 fold reduction in Al uptake, 50% - 80% less electrolyte leakage, 40% - 80% drop in lipid peroxidation and considerable protection against DNA damage. Also, supplementation of SA could considerably reverse the Al-induced changes in the activities of SOD, POD and CAT. Together, our findings demonstrate that, SA is an efficient growth regulator with diversified roles that contribute to its potential alleviating effect against Al induced toxicity and SIRI is a relatively Al-resistant cultivar compared to GOWRI.

关键词： Aluminum Antioxidant Enzymes Proline Malondialdehyde salicylic Acid

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salicylic Acid-Altering Arabidopsis Mutants Response to Cd Stress

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生物技术世界 2012年第7期9卷 11-13页

作者： Lu Tian Liang Wu Shenyang Normal University University of Southern California

To evaluate the role of endogenous SA in plant response to Cd stress,Arabidopsis wild type(Columbia)and its SA-altering mutants snc1 (suppressor of npr1-1, constitutive) with high SA level, nahG(tansgenic line)with low SA level and npr1-1(non-expressor of PR gene)with SA signaling blockage were used in this study. Results showed that a greater growth inhibition occurred in snc1,while a less inhibition was observed in nahG and npr1-1 plants. Although the anti-oxidative enzymes SOD and POD increased upon Cd exposure,they were insufficient to remove oxidative stress,especially in snc1 plants. The accumulations of soluble sugar and proline in the tested plants were positively related to their tolerance to Cd stress.

关键词： Cd stress Arabidopsis thaliana salicylic acid oxidative stress

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