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Community Monitoring of Forest Carbon Stocks and safeguards Tracking in Kenya: Design and Implementation Considerations

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Open Journal of Forestry 2015年第4期5卷 457-470页

作者： Julius G. Muchemi Michael K. McCall Francis N. Wegulo James M. Kinyanjui Alfred N. Gichu Elias K. Ucakuwun Gilbert M. Nduru ERMIS Africa Nairobi Kenya University of Eldoret Eldoret Kenya UNAM CIGA Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Centro de Investigaciones en Geografia Ambiental (CIGA) Morelia Mexico Egerton University Nakuru Kenya Department of Resources Survey and Remote Sensing Nairobi Kenya Kenya Forest Service Nairobi Kenya Karatina University Karatina Kenya

This paper investigates modalities required to design and implement community monitoring of forest carbon stock changes and safeguards implementation in Kenya. General principles and elements were drawn from the UNFCCC REDD+ policy frameworks for developing modalities and procedures for designing community forest monitoring system. The paper utilised policy analysis approach used to derive monitoring goals and objectives by assessing the compatibility of Kenya’s policy and legislative framework with monitoring elements provided in the UNFCCC REDD+ policy mechanism. The elements included monitoring goals, objectives, questions, indicators, and methods and tools. Two goals were identified which included, reduction of forest carbon emissions (ER) and monitoring of multiple social and environmental safeguards (SG). Five ER related objectives were identified to include: forest reference emission levels or forest reference levels, drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, Land use activities, eligible ER actions and estimation of forest emissions. Six objectives guiding SG were identified to include: policy, governance, human rights, socio-economic, biodiversity and environmental concerns. Corresponding questions to the goals and objectives were systematically designed. In turns, indicators, depicting quantitative and qualitative measurements, which best provided answers to questions were identified. The various methods and tools used by communities around the world in providing data and information required to satisfy the indictors were identified through literature review. The review identified four methods and tools that included: Remote Sensing and GIS, GPS survey, smartphone survey and Ground trothing. Smartphone and cloud-based server technology were found to be the recent emergent tools in aiding community monitoring of REDD+ projects. The paper argues that local communities and indigenous peoples have the capability and capacity to monitor and undertake for

关键词： REDD+ Policy Mechanism Community Monitoring Forest Carbon Stock safeguards Incentivizing Communities

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Uranium measurements using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in lithium chloride-potassium chloride salt of pyroprocessing

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Plasma Science and Technology 2020年第7期22卷 110-115页

作者： Seul-Ki HAN Se-Hwan PARK Seong-Kyu AHN Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Yuseong-guDaejeon 34057Republic of Korea

In pyroprocessing,uranium(U) is recovered from molten LiCl-KCl salt,and,for safeguard purposes,it is important to analyze the U and Plutonium(Pu) concentrations in a timely *** the present work,salt samples containing U were *** laser used in the present work was an Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 532 nm,a laser energy on the sample of11.5 mJ,and a pulse repetition rate of 10 *** plasma emission light was measured with an Echelle spectrometer.A total of 100 points on the sample surface were measured as the laser incident position was *** U and potassium(K) peaks in the spectrum were *** and multivariate analyzes were conducted to determine the accuracy and limit of detection(LOD) of the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.

关键词： LIBS uranium(U) safeguards LOD

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Exploring Potential of REDD+ Readiness with Social Safeguard through Diverse Forest Use Practices in Gunung Palung National Park in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

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Open Journal of Forestry 2018年第2期8卷 141-154页

作者： Toshihide Yoshikura Masahiro Amano Gusti Z. Anshari Appropriate Agriculture International Co. Ltd. Tokyo Japan Faculty of Human Sciences Waseda University Saitama Japan Magister of Environment Tanjungpura University Pontianak Indonesia

Implementation is expected to be a measure for sustainable forest management by providing benefit for forest users based on their efforts. Without careful attention for the social safeguard, the mechanism of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and forest degradation with forest management (REDD+) might cause negative impact such as depriving of customary forest use rights under unclear tenure and forest use rights typical in Indonesia. This study aimed to explore how REDD+ Safeguard can be applied in readiness activities by analyzing practical forest use situations in a conservation forest, the Gunung Palung National Park as study site. From the results of the questionnaire survey and interviews, characteristics of forest users were identified and compared. The households, mostly Malays, practicing traditional durian collection, were recognized as main forest users depending on on-farm income especially from non-timber forest product (NTFP). Since the income structure is relatively low and unstable, some of them practice farming in forest area or sell their forest use rights to other households. They are inclined to be lack in legal farm land and certain forest use rights. Based on the findings, consideration for diverse forest users and potential readiness activities were discussed and proposed. For achieving REDD+ implementation with sustainable forest management and social safeguard, it will be necessary to respect for customary rights and take comprehensive measures as readiness efforts.

关键词： REDD+ Readiness safeguards Forest Gardening Gunung Palung National Park NTFP Forest Use Rights

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Adapted REDD plus Based on Local People’s Capabilities: A Case Study from Luang Prabang Province, Lao PDR

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Open Journal of Forestry 2017年第2期7卷 228-241页

作者： Marie Iwadare Motoshi Hiratsuka Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting Tokyo Japan Faculty of Human Sciences Waseda University Saitama Japan

The reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD plus) has been proposed as a key tool for reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) from deforestation and forest degradation in land use sector. The development of a REDD plus that considers national, sub-national, and/or local circumstances in relation to a target area requires an analysis of site-specific deforestation drivers and land use characteristics. This study aimed to analyze the capability of forest-dependent people to find the way for reducing pressures on forest resources, i.e. reducing shifting cultivation and identified their patterns of land and forest use, as this knowledge is essential for developing a REDD plus for land and forest management for an area. The study target area was Luang Prabang Province in the northern part of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). We conducted questionnaire-based surveys and participatory workshops to identify the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation as well as current local capabilities. Our findings, which focused on the characteristics of ethnic groups (Khmu and Hmong) and the agricultural techniques used by villagers, revealed significant differences between upland rice farmers without paddy fields and farmers with paddy fields who cultivated upland rice in terms of their capabilities to maintain livelihoods. The results of a discriminant function analysis indicated that 66.7% of the initially categorized respondents were correctly classified for the variable Khmu or Hmong and 82.1% classified for the variable upland rice farmers with paddy or upland rice farmers without paddy. The results indicated a lower capability to transition to alternative livelihoods among farmers relying on upland cultivation (i.e. shifting cultivation) than among farmers who cultivate paddy. Moreover, the study revealed the importance of applying a capability approach when planning REDD plus in Lao PDR that account for differential capabilities attribut

关键词： Capability Approach Capacity Building Deforestation Drivers safeguards

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Korean potential approach to the multi-lateralization of the nuclear fuel cycle

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Natural Science 2012年第11期4卷 924-928页

作者： Joo Hyun Moon Dongguk University Gyeongju South Korea

To prevent the worldwide dissemination of nuclear sensitive technologies and strengthen the safeguards of the nuclear facilities at the same time, the international society has begun to discuss the “multilateral nuclear fuel cycle approach (MNA)”. This kind of discussion will be more vigorous due to the recent nuclear activeties in Iran and North Korean and the Fukushima nuclear power plants accidents. If the MNA would be implemented someday, not even in the immediate future, Korea could be subject to a serious situation since it imports 100% of raw material for nuclear fuel. Hence, this paper reviews the 12 previous MNA proposals and discusses a potential Korean approach to MNA that Korea is able to take.

关键词： Nuclear Sensitive Technologies safeguards Nuclear Facilities Multilateral Nuclear Fuel Cycle Approach

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