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modelling the monthly hydrological balance using Soil and Water Assessment Tool(swat)model:A case study of the Wadi Mina upstream watershed

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Journal of Groundwater Science and Engineering 2024年第2期12卷 161-177页

作者： Hanane Mebarki Noureddine Maref Mohammed El-Amine Dris Civil Engineering and Environmental Laboratory(LGCE) University of Djillali LiabèsFaculty of TechnologyHydraulics departmentBen M'Hidi districtP.O.Box 8922000Sidi Bel AbbèsAlgeria.

modelling the hydrological balance in semi-arid zones is essential for effective water resource management,encompassing both surface water and groundwater.This study aims to model the monthly hydrological water cycle in the Wadi Mina upstream watershed(northwest Algeria)by applying the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(swat)hydrological model.SWAT modelling integrates spatial data such as the Digital Elevation model(DEM),land use,soil types and various meteorological parameters including precipitation,maximum and minimum temperatures,relative humidity,solar radiation and wind speed.The SWAT model was calibrated and validated using data from January 2012 to December 2014,with a calibra-tion period from January 2012 to August 2013 and a validation period from September 2013 to December 2014.Sensitivity and parameter calibration were conducted using the swat-SA program,and model performance evaluation relied on comparing the observed discharge at the outlet of the basin with model-simulated discharge,assessed through statistical coefficients including Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency(NSE),coefficient of determination(R2)and Percent Bias(PBAIS).Calibration results indicated favourable objec-tive function values(NSE=0.79,R2=0.93,PBAIS=-8.53%),although a slight decrease was observed during validation(NSE=0.69,R2=0.86,and PBAIS=-11.41%).The application of the SWAT model to the Wadi Mina upstream watershed highlighted its utility in simulating the spatial distribution of different components of the hydrological balance in this basin.The SWAT model revealed that approximately 71%of the precipitation in the basin evaporates,while only 29%contributes to surface runoff or infiltration into the soil.

关键词： SWAT model Performance Parameters Runoff Groundwater Wadi

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Impacts of land use and land cover changes on hydrological processes and sediment yield determined using the SWAT model

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2022年第1期37卷 54-69页

作者： Edivaldo Afonso de Oliveira Serr?o Madson Tavares Silva Thomás Rocha Ferreira Lorena Concei??o Paiva de Ataide Cleber Assis dos Santos Aline Maria Meiguins de Lima Vicente de Paulo Rodrigues da Silva Francisco de Assis Salviano de Sousa Denis José Cardoso Gomes Academic Unit of Atmospheric Sciences Federal University of Campina Grande Department of Physics Center for Natural and Exact Sciences Federal University of Santa Maria Institute of Technology Civil Engineering Graduate Program Federal University of Pará Earth System Science Center National Institute of Space Research Institute of Geosciences Federal University of Pará

Land use and land cover (LULC) changes strongly affect local hydrology and sediment yields.The current study focused on a basin in the Brazilian Amazon and had the following three objectives:(1) to perform an effective diagnosis of flow and sediment yield,(2) to evaluate the impacts of LULC changes over the last 40 years on the hydro-sedimentological variables,and (3) to investigate the impacts of the possible trends or breaking points in the flow,surface runoff,and sediment yield series.The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (swat) model validation showed that the simulated results were consistent with the data measured in the dynamic reproduction of flow seasonality.Furthermore,changes in LULC altered surface runoff,sediment yield,and flow according to the Mann-Kendall and Pettitt non-parametric tests.It was also observed that the sub-basins in which pastureland is predominant are more susceptible to increased surface runoff and sediment yield.According to trend and homogeneity tests,these sub-basins had break points in the time series of these variables.On the other hand,in the sub-basins whose land cover is predominantly forest,the time series is homogeneous and trendless.The current study highlighted the impacts that 40 years of LULC changes in an Amazonian basin had on hydro-sedimentological variables,which,in turn,can play an important role in changing the hydrological cycle,consequently these changes can also impact diverse human activities in the region,such as agribusiness,livestock,energy production,food security,and public water supply.Thus,it is concluded that the SWAT model is a good estimator of hydro-sedimentological processes in Amazonian basins and can be used by decision makers in the management of water and environmental resources.

关键词： Hydrological modeling Sediment yield Amazon basin SWAT model

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Impacts of land use/cover change on water balance by using the SWAT model in a typical loess hilly watershed of China

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Geography and Sustainability 2023年第1期4卷 19-28页

作者： Zeman Liu Li Rong Wei Wei State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security Yunnan UniversityKunming 650500China School of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

Land use/cover change(LUCC)plays a key role in altering surface hydrology and water balance,finally affect-ing the security and availability of water resources.However,mechanisms underlying LUCC determination of water-balance processes at the basin scale remain unclear.In this study,the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(swat)model and partial least squares regression were used to detect the effects of LUCC on hydrology and water components in the Zuli River Basin(ZRB),a typical watershed of the Yellow River Basin.In general,three recommended coefficients(R^(2)and E ns greater than 0.5,and P bias less than 20%)indicated that the output results of the SWAT model were reliable and that the model was effective for the ZRB.Then,several key findings were obtained.First,LUCC in the ZRB was characterized by a significant increase in forest(21.61%)and settlement(23.52%)and a slight reduction in cropland(-1.35%),resulting in a 4.93%increase in evapotranspiration and a clear decline in surface runoffand water yield by 15.68%and 2.95%at the whole basin scale,respectively.Second,at the sub-basin scale,surface runoffand water yield increased by 14.26%-36.15%and 5.13%-15.55%,respectively,mainly due to settlement increases.Last,partial least squares regression indicated that urbanization was the most significant contributor to runoffchange,and evapotranspiration change was mainly driven by forest expansion.These conclusions are significant for understanding the relationship between LUCC and water balance,which can provide meaningful information for managing water resources and the long-term sustainability of such watersheds.

关键词： Surface runoff Evapotranspiration SWAT model Land use change Yellow River

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Comparison of three regionalization techniques for predicting streamflow in ungaged watersheds in Nebraska,USA using SWAT model

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2018年第3期11卷 110-119页

作者： Michael W.Van Liew Aaron R.Mittelstet Department of Biological Systems Engineering University of NebraskaLincolnNE 68583USA

This study compared three approaches,regional averaging,nearest neighbor,and donor techniques,to regionalize parameters in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(swat)on eleven watersheds located in the Dissected Plains,Plains,and Rolling Hills Landforms in the eastern portion of the State of Nebraska,USA.Within the Rolling Hills Landform,three watersheds were randomly selected as calibration watersheds while two were randomly selected as validation watersheds.Two watersheds were randomly selected as calibration watersheds while one was randomly selected as a validation watershed within each of the Dissected Plains and Plains Landforms.The seven calibration watersheds were used to provide the necessary calibrated parameter sets to execute each of the regional approaches,while the four validation watersheds were used to assess the impact of applying each of these approaches to an uncalibrated watershed.Percent Bias(PBIAS)and the Nash Sutcliffe Coefficient of Efficiency(NSE)were used to assess model performance.Test results of this study show that all three methods performed poorly,since the majority of watersheds among each method tested exhibited PBIAS values greater than ±25% and/or NSE values less than 0.50,which were considered to be unsatisfactory in terms of model performance.The average regionalization,nearest neighbor and donor methods resulted in only four(two calibration and two validation),zero and one satisfactory set of simulated watershed results,respectively.The findings from this study indicate that although each watershed was successfully calibrated with NSE values ranging from 0.51 to 0.84,none of the three regionalization methods provided suitable calibration data sets to define parameter values for performing satisfactory simulations on ungaged watersheds across the eastern Nebraska landscape.

关键词： SWAT model watersheds hydrology model calibration parameter regionalization Nebraska ungaged watersheds

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Assessing sediment yield in Kalaya gauged watershed(Northern Morocco)using GIS and SWAT model

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2016年第3期4卷 177-185页

作者： Hamza Briak Rachid Moussadek Khadija Aboumaria Rachid Mrabet Department of Earth Sciences Faculty of Sciences and Techniques(FST)Abdelmalek Essaadi UniversityPostal Box 41690000 TangierMorocco Department of Environment and Natural Resources Scientific DivisionNational Institute for Agricultural Research(INRA)Postal Box 41510000 RabatMorocco

An efficient design for erosion-control structures of any watershed in the world is entrusted with the delicate forecasting of sediment yields.These outlook yields are usually inferred by extrapolations from past observations.Because runoff,as the transporting vehicle,is more closely correlated with sediment yields than any other variable.So,calibration as well as validation of process-based hydrological models are two major processes while estimating the sediment yield in watershed.The actual survey is fulfilled with the aim of developing a trustworthy hydrologic model simulating stream flow discharge and sediment concentration with least uncertainty among the parameters picked out for calibration so as to verify the effect of the scenarios on the spatial distribution of sediment yield(sediments transported from sub-basins to the main channel during the step of time).Soil and Water Assessment Tool(swat,version 2012)model integrated with Geographic Information System(GIS,version 10.1)was used to simulate the stream flow and sediment concentration of Kalaya catchment situated in north of Morocco for the period from 1971 to 1993.model calibration and validation were performed for monthly time periods using Sequential Uncertainty Fitting 2(SUFI-2,version 2)within swat-CUP using 16 parameters.Our calibration outputs for monthly simulation for the period from 1976 to 1984 showed a good model performance for flow rates with NSE and PBIAS values of 0.76 and11.80,respectively;also a good model performance for sediment concentration with NSE and PBIAS values of 0.69 and 7.12,respectively.Nonetheless,during validation period(1985–1993)for monthly time step,the NSE and PBIAS values were 0.67 and14.44,respectively for flow rates and these statistical values were 0.70 and 15.51,respectively for sediment concentration;which also means a good model performance for both.Following calibration,the inclusive effect of each parameter used was ranked using global sensitivity function in swat-CUP.From our analysis,the effective hydr

关键词： Erosion-control SWAT model Simulation Watershed Northern Morocco

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Assessing impacts of different land use scenarios on water budget of Fuhe River,China using SWAT model

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International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2015年第3期8卷 95-109页

作者： Tao Can Chen Xiaoling Lu Jianzhong Philip W.Gassman Sauvage Sabine Sanchez Pérez José-Miguel State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote SensingWuhan UniversityWuhan 430079China Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research Ministry of EducationJiangxi Normal UniversityNanchang 310022China Center for Agricultural and Rural Development 560A Heady HallIowa State UniversityAmesIowa 50011-1070USA University of Toulouse INPTUPSLaboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement(EcoLab)Avenue de l’Agrobiopole31326 Castanet Tolosan CedexFrance CNRS EcoLab31326 Castanet Tolosan CedexFrance

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool(swat)model was used to assess the impacts of different land use scenarios on hydrological processes in the Fuhe watershed in Poyang Lake Basin,East China.A total of 12 model parameters were calibrated with observed monthly runoff data for 1982-1988 and validated for 1991-1998 for baseline conditions.The baseline test results of R2 and Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency(NSE)values ranged between 0.88 and 0.94 across the calibration and validation periods,indicating that swat accurately replicated the Fuhe watershed streamflow.Several different land use scenarios were then simulated with the model,focusing on the impacts of land use change on the hydrology of the watershed.The results of hypothetical scenario simulations revealed that surface runoff declined while groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration(ET)increased,as forest land,agriculture land and/or grassland areas increased,as well as when paddy field and urban areas decreased.These results further showed that forest land has a higher capacity to conserve the water as compared to pasture land.The results of the real scenario simulations revealed that urbanization is the strongest contributor to changes in surface runoff,water yield,and ET.Urbanization can be considered as a potential major environmental stressor controlling hydrological components.

关键词： SWAT model land use streamflow water budget scenario simulation Poyang Lake Fuhe watershed

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The effect of reforestation on stream flow in Upper Nan river basin using Soil and Water Assessment Tool(swat)model

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2013年第2期1卷 53-63页

作者： Winai Wangpimool Kobkiat Pongput Chinnapat Sukvibool Samran Sombatpanit Philip W.Gassman Department of Water Resources Engineering Faculty of EngineeringKasetsart LniversityBangkok 10900Thailand Land Development Department BangkokThailand World Association of Soil and Water Conservation(WASWAC) BangkokThailand and BeijingChina Center for Agricultural and Rural Development lowa State Lniv.AmesIowaUSA

Forests are an important natural resource,vital to all life.Forests are an important source of food,clothing,and medicines,as well as a place to live.Water released from forests drains into the soil causing groundwater to emerge as stream flow throughout the year.In Thailand,most forests have been encroached by logging,paper production,and housing construction.Population growth and the need for farming area for crop and livestock production have also caused forest encroachment.Technical tools are needed to support the decision makers and planners if they are to achieve objectives of water conservation,and development.These technical tools are needed for assistance in the engineering,socio-economic,and environmental planning.The Soil and Water Assessment Tool(swat)was used in the hydrological modeling in this study of the complex and dynamic problems of The Upper Nan river basin.This was a case study to evaluate the impact of changing conditions in the river basin affected by the stream flow due to reforestation.The watershed area was delineated into 5 sub-watersheds based on surface topography provided by the Digital Elevation model(DEM)and the parameters of each of these watersheds were calculated.The land use data was processed and reclassified to match with the SWAT model land use code.Ten different categories of land use in the study area were used for swat processing.Types of land use consist of:mixed forest(33.7%),disturbed forest(30.2%),evergreen forest(17.7%),paddy field(7.1%),orchard(3.7%),range brush(2.7%),field crop(1.7%),planted forest(1.7%),urban(1.4%)and water resources(0.4%).Twenty-two types of soil were found in the basin.The initial curve number values were assigned based on the land use type and soil hydrologic group for the average antecedent moisture condition of the curve number method.The potential evapotranspiration was computed using the Penman-Monteith method.The simulation was performed using three reforestation scenarios to assess stream flow:(1)improved disturbed forest,(2)field crops

关键词： Reforestation Stream flow SWAT model Upper Nan river basin Thailand

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Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Water Resources of Lesser Zab, Kurdistan, Iraq Using SWAT model

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Engineering（科研） 2016年第10期8卷 697-715页

作者： Nahlah Abbasa Saleh A. Wasimia Nadhir Al-Ansari School of Engineering & Technology Central Queensland University Melbourne Australia Geotechnical Engineering Lulea University of Technology Lulea Sweden

Kurdistan in northern Iraq, a semi-arid region, predominantly a pastureland, is nourished by Lesser Zab, which is the second major tributary of Tigris River. The discharge in the tributary, in recent times, has been experiencing increasing variability contributing to more severe droughts and floods supposedly due to climate change. For a proper appreciation, SWAT model has been used to assess the impact of climate change on its hydrological components for a half-centennial lead time to 2046-2064 and a centennial lead time to 2080-2100. The suitability of the model was first evaluated, and then, outputs from six GCMs were incorporated to evaluate the impacts of climate change on water resources under three emission scenarios: A1B, A2 and B1. The results showed worsening water resources regime.

关键词： Climate Change Water Resources Lesser Zab SWAT model

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Application of SWAT model to the Olifants Basin: Calibration, Validation and Uncertainty Analysis

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2016年第3期8卷 397-410页

作者： Charles Gyamfi Julius Musyoka Ndambuki Ramadhan Wanjala Salim Department of Civil Engineering Tshwane University of Technology Pretoria South Africa School of Bio-Resources Engineering Anglican University College of Technology Nkoranza Ghana

The application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (swat) to the Olifants Basin in South Africa was the focus of our study with emphasis on calibration, validation and uncertainty analysis. The Basin was discretized into 23 sub-basins and 226 Hydrologic Response Units (HRUs) using 3 arc second (90 m × 90 m) pixel resolution SRTM DEM with stream gauge B7H015 as the Basin outlet. Observed stream flow data at B7H015 were used for model calibration (1988-2001) and validation (2002-2013) using the split sample approach. Relative global sensitivity analysis using SUFI-2 algorithm was used to determine sensitive parameters to stream flow for calibration of the model. Performance efficiency of the Olifants SWAT model was assessed using Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE), coefficient of determination (R2), Percent Bias (PBIAS) and Root Mean Square Error-Observation Standard deviation Ratio (RSR). Sensitivity analysis revealed in decreasing order of significance, runoff curve number (CN2), alpha bank factor (ALPHA_BNK), soil evaporation compensation factor (ESCO), soil available water capacity (SOIL_AWC, mm H2O/mm soil), groundwater delay (GW_ DELAY, days) and groundwater “revap” coefficient (GW_REVAP) to be the most sensitive parameters to stream flow. Analysis of the model during the calibration period gave the following statistics;NSE = 0.88;R2 = 0.89;PBIAS = -11.49%;RSR = 0.34. On the other hand, statistics during the validation period were NSE = 0.67;R2 = 0.79;PBIAS = -20.69%;RSR = 0.57. The observed statistics indicate the applicability of the SWAT model in simulating the hydrology of the Olifants Basin and therefore can be used as a Decision Support Tool (DST) by water managers and other relevant decisions making bodies to influence policy directions on the management of watershed processes especially water resources.

关键词： Calibration Validation Uncertainty Analysis Olifants Basin SWAT model

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Assessment of Runoff, Sediment Yields and Nutrient Loss Using the SWAT model in Upper Indus Basin of Pakistan

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2020年第9期8卷 62-81页

作者： Washakh Rana Muhammad Ali Ningsheng Chen Waque Rana Muhammad Umar Almas Sundas Rahman Mahfuzur Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Surface Process Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sci-ences Chengdu China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China School of Architecture Neijiang Normal University Neijiang China School of Management Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi’an China Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology School of Life Sciences Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi’an China Department of Civil Engineering International University of Business Agriculture and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh

The main objective of this study is to understand the runoff, sediment yield and water quality of the Upper Indus River Basin of Pakistan. To achieve this goal, specific objectives have been met which include, setup of a hydrological model using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (swat) then calibration and validation of the hydrological model using river discharges and in the end investigating the performance of the hydrological model by swat. This research will have great impacts on socio-economic conditions of Pakistan because study of upper Indus River basin is imperative to provide data needed for its management, and to warrant that it is sustainable to support the increasing population and conservational flows. A set of programmable mapping components MapWindow Geographic Information System (GIS) was used which is an open source GIS based mapping application. It is swat used spatially distributed information on elevation, land use, slope and soil. The program Sequential Uncertainty Fitting ver.2 (SUFI-2) in a combination of uncertainty analysis and calibration of outputs was used in swat-CUP. SWAT model used input data, which have climate information to obtain results. The observed climate data of temperature gauges and rain gauge were used as input in the SWAT model;the calibration results for three discharge stations were produced. The initial P-factor value was satisfactory but more iteration to attempt narrow uncertainty band with improving goal function, resulted in small percentage of observed data within uncertainty band. A warm up period of three years (1979-1982) was used for simulation of SWAT model. The model was calibrated for selected three catchments for the period 1982-2000 and validated for period 2001-2010. Results are quite comparable with the observed flows.

关键词： Sediment Transport Runoff GIS SWAT model Hydrological modelling Nu-trient Loss

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