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The Drought of Amazonia in 2023-2024

American Journal of Climate Change 2024年第3期13卷 567-597页

作者： Jose A. Marengo Ana P. Cunha Jhan-Carlo Espinoza Rong Fu Jochen Schöngart Juan C. Jimenez Mabel C. Costa Joao M. Ribeiro Sly Wongchuig Siyu Zhao National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters/CEMADEN São José dos Campos Brazil UNESP/CEMADEN São José dos Campos Brazil Graduate School of International Studies Korea University Seoul South Korea Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE) Institut de Recherche pour le Dévelopement (IRD) Saint Martin d’Heres France Instituto de Investigación sobre la Enseñanza de las Matemáticas (IREM PUCP) Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Lima Peru Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA Departament of Environmental Dynamics Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA) Manaus Brazil Global Change Unit (GCU) of the Image Processing Laboratory (IPL) Universitat de València Estudi General (UVEG) Paterna Spain Laboratoire d’Etudes en Géophysique et Océanographie Spatiales (LEGOS) Université de Toulouse CNES/CNRS/IRD/UT3 Toulouse France

The Amazon basin has experienced an extreme drought that started in the austral summer of 2022-23 and extends into 2024. This drought started earlier than other previous droughts. Although some rain fell during the austral summer, totals remained below average. Higher temperatures during austral winter and spring 2023, which affected most of Central South America, then aggravated drought conditions. This coincided with an intense El Niño and abnormally warm tropical North atlantic Ocean temperatures since mid-2023. Decreased rainfall across the Amazon basin, negative anomalies in evapotranspiration (derived from latent heat) and soil moisture indicators, as well as increased temperatures during the dry-to-wet transition season, September-October-November (SON) 2023, combined to delay the onset of the wet season in the hydrological year 2023-24 by nearly two months and caused it to be uncharacteristically weak. SON 2023 registered a precipitation deficit of the order of 50 to 100 mm/month, and temperatures +3˚C higher than usual in Amazonia, leading to reduced evapotranspiration and soil moisture indicators. These processes, in turn, determined an exceptionally late onset and a lengthening of the dry season, affecting the 2023-2024 hydrological year. These changes were aggravated by a heat wave from June to December 2023. Drought-heat compound events and their consequences are the most critical natural threats to society. River levels reached record lows, or dried up completely, affecting Amazonian ecosystems. Increased risk of wildfires is another concern exacerbated by these conditions.

关键词： El Niño sst in the tropical atlantic Amazon Drought River Levels Heatwave Dry Season Length

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