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Spatiotemporal variability of rain-on-snow events in the arid region of Northwest China

Journal of Arid Land 2024年第4期16卷 483-499页

作者： YANG Zhiwei CHEN Rensheng LIU Zhangwen ZHAO Yanni LIU Yiwen WU Wentong Qilian Alpine Ecology and Hydrology Research Station Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid LandsNorthwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Rain-on-snow(ROS)events involve rainfall on snow surfaces,and the occurrence of ROS events can exacerbate water scarcity and ecosystem vulnerability in the arid region of Northwest China(ARNC).In this study,using daily snow depth data and daily meteorological data from 68 meteorological stations provided by the China Meteorological Administration National Meteorological Information Centre,we investigated the spatiotemporal variability of ROS events in the ARNC from 1978 to 2015 and examined the factors affecting these events and possible changes of future ROS events in the ARNC.The results showed that ROS events in the ARNC mainly occurred from October to May of the following year and were largely distributed in the Qilian Mountains,Tianshan Mountains,Ili River Valley,Tacheng Prefecture,and Altay Prefecture,with the Ili River Valley,Tacheng City,and Altay Mountains exhibiting the most occurrences.Based on the intensity of ROS events,the areas with the highest risk of flooding resulting from ROS events in the ARNC were the Tianshan Mountains,Ili River Valley,Tacheng City,and Altay Mountains.The number and intensity of ROS events in the ARNC largely increased from 1978 to 2015,mainly influenced by air temperature and the number of rainfall days.However,due to the snowpack abundance in areas experiencing frequent ROS events in the ARNC,snowpack changes exerted slight impact on ROS events,which is a temporary phenomenon.Furthermore,elevation imposed lesser impact on ROS events in the ARNC than other factors.In the ARNC,the start time of rainfall and the end time of snowpack gradually advanced from the spring of the current year to the winter of the previous year,while the end time of rainfall and the start time of snowpack gradually delayed from autumn to winter.This may lead to more ROS events in winter in the future.These results could provide a sound basis for managing water resources and mitigating related disasters caused by ROS events in the ARNC.

关键词： rain-on-snow events snowpack snowmelt climate change Spearman's rank correlation arid region of Northwest China

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snowpack shifts cyanobacterial community in biological soil crusts

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Journal of Arid Land 2021年第3期13卷 239-256页

作者： ZHANG Bingchang ZHANG Yongqing ZHOU Xiaobing LI Xiangzhen ZHANG Yuanming Geographical Science College Shanxi Normal UniversityLinfen 041004China State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and GeographyChinese Academy of SciencesUrumqi 830011China Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation College of Resources and EnvironmentFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou 350002China

Winter snowpack is an important source of moisture that influences the development ofbiological soil crusts(BSCs)in desert ecosystems.Cyanobacteria are important photosynthetic organismsin BSCs.However,the responses of the cyanobacterial community in BSCs to snowpack,snow depth andmelting snow are still unknown.In this study,we investigated the cyanobacterial community compositionand diversity in BSCs under different snow treatments(doubled snow,ambient snow and removed snow)and three snow stages(stage 1,snowpack;stage 2,melting snow;and stage 3,melted snow)in theGurbantunggut Desert in China.In stages 1 and 2,Cyanobacteria were the dominant phylum in the bacterialcommunity in the removed snow treatment,whereas Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were abundant inthe bacterial communities in the ambient snow and doubled snow treatments.The relative abundances ofProteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased with increasing snow depth.The relative abundances ofCyanobacteria and other bacterial taxa were affected mainly by soil temperature and irradiance.In stages 2and 3,the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria increased quickly due to the suitable soil moisture andirradiance conditions.Oscillatoriales,Chroococcales,Nostocales,Synechococcales and unclassifiedCyanobacteria were detected in all the snow treatments,and the most dominant taxa were Oscillatorialesand Chroococcales.Various cyanobacterial taxa showed different responses to snowpack.Soil moisture andirradiance were the two critical factors shaping the cyanobacterial community structure.The snowpackdepth and duration altered the soil surface irradiance,soil moisture and other soil properties,whichconsequently were selected for different cyanobacterial communities.Thus,local microenvironmentalfiltering(niche selection)caused by snow conditions may be a dominant process driving shifts in thecyanobacterial community in BSCs.

关键词： cyanobacterial diversity community structure biological soil crusts snowpack niche selection

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Selected Trace Elements in snowpack on Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Eastern Tianshan, China: As Yielded by Leaching Treatment Representative of Real-World Environmental Conditions

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Journal of Earth Science 2011年第4期22卷 449-459页

作者：张明军王圣杰王飞腾李月芳 College of Geography and Environment Sciences Northwest Normal University State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences/Tianshan Glaciological Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences

To investigate the seasonal variability and potential environmental significance of trace elements in mountain glaciers, the surface snow and snow pit samples were collected at Urumqi Glacier No. 1 （43°06′N, 86°49′E, 4 130 m a.s.l.）, eastern Tianshan （天山）, from September 2002 to September 2003, and analyzed for Li, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, and Ba. The samples were acidified （leached） in a manner intended to reasonably approximate the extent to which the natural hydrologic and weathering cycles would liberate elements from mineral grains （dusts） in the ice and snow into the environment. The mean concentrations of Li, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, and Ba are 0.2, 1.1, 0.8, 14.8, 0.1, 0.7, and 3.2 ng/g in surface snow but 1.0, 2.2, 1.8, 92.4, 0.8, 2.9, and 16.2 ng/g in snow pits, respectively. Input varies seasonally： in general, concentrations in the winter are higher than those in the summer. The trace elements are somewhat enriched （relative to expected abundances in material taken di- rectly from the earth＇s crust） and similar to what is observed in both pre-industrial and modern atmospheric dusts, although some anthropogenic components from nearby industrial cities may be present. Concentration vertical profiles can be redistributed in the post-depositional process, which may cause loss of trace elements in the summer.

关键词： trace element snowpack postdepositional process Urumqi Glacier No. 1.

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Geotextile protection of glacier:Observed and simulated impacts on energy and mass balance

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Advances in Climate Change Research 2023年第6期14卷 963-975页

作者： Fei-Teng WANG Shuang-Shuang LIU Xing WANG Hui-Lin LI Chun-Hai XU Lin WANG Yu-Ang XUE Xiao-Ying YUE State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

The detailed physical processes involved in slowing glacier ablation by material cover remain poorly understood so far.In the present study,using the snow cover model snowpack,the effect of geotextile cover on the energy and mass balance at the tongue of the Urumqi Glacier No.1(Chinese Tien Shan)was simulated between July 12,2022 and August 31,2022.The mass changes and the energy fluxes with and without material cover were compared.The results indicated that the geotextile covering reduced glacier ablation by approximately 68%compared to the ablation in the uncovered regions.The high solar reflectivity of the geotextile reduced the net short-wave radiation energy available for the melt by 45%.Thermal insulation of the geotextile reduced the sensible heat flux by 15%.In addition,the wet geotextile exerted a cooling effect through long-wave radiation and negative latent heat flux.This cooling effect reduced the energy available for ablation by 20%.Consequently,only 37%of the energy was used for melting compared to that used in the uncovered regions(67%).Sensitivity experiments revealed that the geotextile cover used at a thickness range of 0.045-0.090 m reduced the ice loss by approximately 68%-72%,and a further increase in the thickness of the geotextile cover led to little improvements.A higher temperature and greater wind speed increased glacier ablation,although their effects were small.When the precipitation was set to zero,it led to a significantly increased melt.Overall,the geotextile effectively protected the glacier tongue from rapid melting,and the observed results have provided inspiration for developing an effective and sustainable approach to protect the glaciers using geotextile cover.

关键词： Artificial melt reduction snowpack Geotextile Energy and mass balance Urumqi glacier No.1 Chinese Tien Shan

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40 Years of Surface Warming in the Northern US Rocky Mountains: Implications for snowpack Retreat

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American Journal of Climate Change 2016年第2期5卷 275-295页

作者： Matthew J. Hornbach Maria Richards David Blackwell Cliff Mauroner Casey Brokaw Huffington Department of Earth Sciences Southern Methodist University Dallas TX USA

The northern US Rocky Mountains are experiencing rapid warming. Combined analysis of Ground Temperature (GT) measurements at two high-fidelity boreholes with Surface Air Temperature (SAT) measurements near Helena Montana spanning the past 40 years indicate the northern US Rockies have warmed on average 0.12°C - 0.32°C/decade since 1975, at least a factor of ~5 higher than the predicted 500-year-average. Warming appears to be accelerating, with warming rates since 2013 4 - 7 times higher than the 40 year average. Though uncertainty exists, the most significant GT warming appears to occur at higher elevation. Warming estimates are consistent with modelling predictions, snowpack observations, and stream temperature studies, all suggesting rapid surface temperature change in this region during the past ~40 years. The analysis indicates GT warming measured at remote borehole sites is slightly lower than regional SAT measurements collected near urban environments. We associate the discrepancy between GT/SAT measurements to both anthropogenic effects (urban development) that increase warming at the nearest SAT measurement station and a 14-year period of anomalously low snowfall that reduces surface insulation and GT warming. Using a derived average forty-year surface warming rate of 0.22°C/ decade and regional temperature-elevation trends, we calculate that the elevation of the winter freeze line during the three coldest months of the year (December, January, and February) in the northern US Rocky Mountains is retreating upward, on average, 33 m/decade. This implies a 21% reduction in freeze-line area since 1974. If this trend continues, we estimate that within the next 40 years (by 2060), the total area where ground freeze occurs during the three coldest months of the year will be ~60% of 1974 values. Since GT measurements indicate accelerated warming, this may be an underestimate. The analysis has important implications for the snowpack-water budget for Montana and the northern US Rocky Mountains.

关键词： Climate Change Montana Rocky Mountains Water Temperature Borehole snowpack

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The transport of chemical components in homogeneous snowpacks on Urumqi Glacier No.1, eastern Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia

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Journal of Arid Land 2015年第5期7卷 612-622页

作者： YOU Xiaoni LI Zhongqin Ross EDWARDS WANG Lixia Key Laboratory of Cryosphere and Environment/Tianshan Glaciological Station/Laboratory of Ice Core and Cold Regions Environment Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Tianshui Normal University Imaging and Applied Physics Curtin University of Technology

Chemical records from alpine ice cores provide an invaluable source of paleoclimatic and environ- mental information. Not only the atmospheric chemical composition but also depositional and post-depositional processes are recorded within snow/tim strata. To interpret the environmental and climatic significance of ice core records, we studied the variability of glacier snowpack chemistry by investigating homogeneous snowpacks from October 2003 to September 2006 on Urumqi Glacier No. 1 in eastern Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia. Principle Component Analysis of ionic species in dry and wet seasons revealed the impact of meltwater in redistributing ions in the snowpacks. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd principle components for dry seasons differ significantly, reflecting complex associations between depositional or/and post-depositional processes. The variability trend of ionic concentrations during the wet seasons was found to fit a Gauss Function with significant parameters. The elution factor revealed that more than half of ions are leached out during the wet seasons. Differences with respect to ion snowpack mo- bility were found. Of the ions studied SO42- was the most mobile and Mg2＋ the least mobile. A threshold relationship between air temperatures and the elution process was investigated over the study period. The results indicate that the strong melt/ablation processes and iconic redistribution occur at a threshold air temperature of 0℃. The study found that surface melt on the snowpacks is the main factor causing the alteration of the snowpack chemistry. Rainfall also has an impact on the chemistry but plays a less significant role than the surface melt.

关键词： Urumqi Glacier No. 1 snowpack meltwater air temperature precipitation

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Headwater regions- Physical, ecological, and social approaches to understand these areas： introduction to the special issue

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2017年第3期11卷 443-446页

作者： Steven R. FASSNACHT Ryan W. WEBB William E. SANFORD ESS-Watershed Science Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523-1476 USA Geographisches Institut Abt. Kartographie GIS & Femerkundung Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen 37077 Gottingen Germany Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere Fort Collins CO 80523-1375 USA Geospatial Centroid Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523-1101 USA Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory Fort Collins CO 80523-1499 USA Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309-0450 USA Geosciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523-1482 USA

Around the world human communities and natural ecosystems both rely on headwater regions for vital resources. Resources provided include groundwater sto- rage （Flint et al., 2008; Clilverd et al., 2011; Cao et al., 2012） in addition to soil moisture and forest ecosystem dynamics （McNamara et al., 2005; Williams et al., 2009; Jencso and McGlynn, 2011; Smith et al., 2011; Harpold et al., 2015; Webb et al., 2015）. Furthermore these regions are ecologically vital zones （Schlosser, 1995; Lowe and Likens, 2005） that impact downstream water quality （Peterson et al., 2001; Alexander et al., 2007）.

关键词： CLIMATE-CHANGE SOIL-MOISTURE SNOWMELT VARIABILITY HYDROLOGY LANDSCAPE snowpack RECHARGE STREAMS STATES

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THE FEATURES OF SEA-ICE COVER, SNOW DISTRIBUTION AND ITS DENSIFICATION IN THE CENTRAL ARCTIC OCEAN

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Chinese Geographical Science 1997年第4期7卷 317-327页

作者：效存德秦大河任贾文 Laboratory of Ice Core and Cold Regions Environment Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Geocryology the Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou P. R. China

Based on the observation of sea-ice cover and measurement of snow depths and stratigraphy during China’s First North Pole Sientific Expedition, three types of surface topography of sea ice and correspondingly three categories of snow distribution in the central Arctic are classified. It is considered that the classification will help to determine the sites for snow depth measurement, stratigraphy Observation and snowpits sampling. The snow cover is slowly accumulated during the long Arctic winter, approximately from September to early May next year, while its ablation shows abrupt from south to north. By the end of August, the snow cover is alment totally removed. The spatial distribution of snow depth is characterized by a northwardly decreasing trend, which is proposed to result from the remote vapour sources, i. e., the major vapour over the Arctic regions is transported from mid-latitudes. The stratigraphy of the snompits are characterized by the extensively existed depth hoar at the deeper part of the pits, which is probably a signal of the beginning of the long Arctic winter.The present of infiltration-congelation ice adhering to sea ice surface at the end of the ablation indicates that the annual accumulation is approximately equals to the annual ablation near north pole.

关键词： Arctic Ocean sea-ice cover snowpack snow stratigraphy

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Relationship between Nitrogen Atmospheric Deposition, Discharge and Concentration, and Monthly Change of Those in a River

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2013年第3期5卷 283-293页

作者： Toshisuke Maruyama Masashi Yoshida Keiji Takase Hiroshi Takimoto Shigeo Ishikawa College of Bioresource Science Nihon University Tokyo Japan Faculty of Environmental Science Ishikawa Prefectural University Nonoichi Japan

The hypothesis that the product of discharge and concentration of nitrogen (N) in river water is equal to the atmospheric deposition was verified in the mountainous basin of the Tedori River in Japan. To verify this relationship, long-term data?are required to eliminate the effect of short-term variation of the N components. The basin has very high mountains, including Mount Hakusan (2702 maltitude), which is covered with deep snow in winter. Therefore, limited data were used for the estimation of the deposition of the entire basin by assuming a linear relationship of altitude. As a result, it was found that the estimated N concentration coincided well with observed concentrations at six sites—the Shiramine and Kuwajima (upper stream), Nakajima (lower stream) and Dainichi dam, Tedori dam and Senami sites (middle stream). The seasonal variation of N concentrations was low in the snowmelt period and high in autumn through to winter. This was not due to the larger discharge in snowmelt season as it was also found that N deposition was high in winter and low in spring, which indicated a clear relationship between N concentration and monthly atmospheric deposition including N storage in snow pack.

关键词： Nitrogen Balance Wet and Dry Deposition Altitude Dependence of Atmospheric Deposition and Precipitation Nitrogen in snowpack

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