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Implementation of an 8-bit bit-slice AEs s-box with rapid single flux quantum circuits

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Chinese Physics B 2022年第9期31卷 604-610页

作者：杨若婷薛新伊杨树澄高小平任洁严伟王镇 state Key Laboratory of Functional Material for Informatics Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200050China CAs Center for Excellence in superconducting Electronics(CENsE) Shanghai 200050China University of Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100049China school of software and Microelectronics Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China

Rapid single flux quantum(RsFQ)circuits are a kind of superconducting digital circuits,having properties of a natural gate-level pipelining synchronous sequential circuit,which demonstrates high energy efficiency and high throughput advantage.We find that the high-throughput and high-speed performance of RsFQ circuits can take the advantage of a hardware implementation of the encryption algorithm,whereas these are rarely applied to this field.Among the available encryption algorithms,the advanced encryption standard(AEs)algorithm is an advanced encryption standard algorithm.It is currently the most widely used symmetric cryptography algorithm.In this work,we aim to demonstrate the subByte operation of an AEs-128 algorithm using RsFQ circuits based on the sIMIT Nb0_(3) process.We design an AEs s-box circuit in the RsFQ logic,and compare its operational frequency,power dissipation,and throughput with those of the CMOs-based circuit post-simulated in the same structure.The complete RsFQ s-box circuit costs a total of 42237 Josephson junctions with nearly 130 Gbps throughput under the maximum simulated frequency of 16.28 GHz.Our analysis shows that the frequency and throughput of the RsFQ-based s-box are about four times higher than those of the CMOs-based s-box.Further,we design and fabricate a few typical modules of the s-box.subsequent measurements demonstrate the correct functioning of the modules in both low and high frequencies up to 28.8 GHz.

关键词： RsFQ AEs s-box hardware implementation

A Novel s-box GenerationMethodology Based on the Optimized GANModel

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第8期76卷 1911-1927页

作者： Runlian Zhang Rui shu Yongzhuang Wei Hailong Zhang Xiaonian Wu Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information security Guilin University of Electronic TechnologyGuilin541004China state Key Laboratory of Information security Institute of Information EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100085China

s-boxes can be the core component of block ciphers,and how to efficiently generate s-boxes with strong cryptographic properties appears to be an important task in the design of block ciphers.In this work,an optimized model based on the generative adversarial network(GAN)is proposed to generate 8-bit s-boxes.The central idea of this optimized model is to use loss function constraints for GAN.More specially,the Advanced Encryption standard(AEs)s-box is used to construct the sample dataset via the affine equivalence property.Then,three models are respectively built and cross-trained to generate 8-bit s-boxes based on three extended frameworks of GAN,i.e.,Deep Convolution Generative Adversarial Networks(DCGAN),Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Networks(WGAN),and WassersteinGenerativeAdversarial NetworkwithGradient Penalty(WGANGP).Besides,an optimized model based onWGAN-GP referred to asWGPIM is also proposed,which adds the loss function constraints to the generator network of the WGAN-GP model,including bijection loss,differential uniformity loss,and nonlinearity loss.In this case,8-bit s-boxes can be generated with cross-training.Experimental results illustrate that the WGP-IM model can generate s-boxes with excellent cryptographic properties.In particular,the optimal differential uniformity of the generated s-boxes can be reduced to 8,and the nonlinearity can be up to 104.Compared with previous s-box generation methods,this new method is simpler and it can generate s-boxes with excellent cryptographic properties.

关键词： s-box generative adversarial network loss function affine equivalence

Novel quantum circuit implementation of Advanced Encryption standard with low costs

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science China(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2022年第9期65卷 11-26页

作者： ZhenQiang Li BinBin Cai HongWei sun HaiLing Liu LinChun Wan suJuan Qin QiaoYan Wen Fei Gao state Key Laboratory of Networking and switching Technology Beijing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsBeijing 100876China state Key Laboratory of Cryptology Beijing 100878China

In this study, we examine how the quantum circuit of the Advanced Encryption standard(AEs) can be optimized from two aspects, i.e., number of qubits and T-depth. To reduce the number of qubits, we present three kinds of improved quantum circuits of s-box for different phases in the AEs. We found that the number of qubits in the round function can be decreased by introducing the circuit sending |a> to |s(a)>. As a result, compared with the previous quantum circuits where 400/640/768 qubits are required,our circuits of AEs-128/-192/-256 only require 270/334/398 qubits. To reduce the T-depth, we propose a new circuit of AEs's s-box with a T-depth of 4. Accordingly, the T-depth of our AEs-128/-192/-256 quantum circuits become 80/80/84 instead of120/120/126 in a previous study.

关键词： AEs s-box quantum circuit composite field arithmetic

A New s-box Design system for Data Encryption Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第10期77卷 781-797页

作者： Yazeed Yasin Ghadi Mohammed sAlshehri sultan Almakdi Oumaima saidani Nazik Alturki Fawad Masood Muhammad shahbaz Khan Department of Computer science Al Ain UniversityAbu Dhabi112612United Arab Emirates Department of Computer science College of Computer Science and Information SystemsNajran UniversityNajran61441Saudi Arabia Department of Information systems College of Computer and Information SciencesPrincess Nourah bint Abdulrahman UniversityP.O.Box 84428Riyadh11671Saudi Arabia Department of Electrical Engineering Institute of Space TechnologyIslamabad4400Pakistan school of Computing Engineering and the Built EnvironmentEdinburgh Napier UniversityEdinburghEH105DTUK

securing digital image data is a key concern in today’s information-driven society.Effective encryption techniques are required to protect sensitive image data,with the substitution-box(s-box)often playing a pivotal role in many symmetric encryption systems.This study introduces an innovative approach to creating s-boxes for encryption algorithms.The proposed s-boxes are tested for validity and non-linearity by incorporating them into an image encryption scheme.The nonlinearity measure of the proposed s-boxes is 112.These qualities significantly enhance its resistance to common cryptographic attacks,ensuring high image data security.Furthermore,to assess the robustness of the s-boxes,an encryption system has also been proposed and the proposed s-boxes have been integrated into the designed encryption system.To validate the effectiveness of the proposed encryption system,a comprehensive security analysis including brute force attack and histogram analysis has been performed.In addition,to determine the level of security during the transmission and storage of digital content,the encryption system’s Number of Pixel Change Rate(NPCR),and Unified Averaged Changed Intensity(UACI)are calculated.The results indicate a 99.71%NPCR and 33.51%UACI.These results demonstrate that the proposed s-boxes offer a significant level of security for digital content throughout its transmission and storage.

关键词： s-box chaos artificial bee colony image encryption

Design of Nonlinear Components Over a Mordell Elliptic Curve on Galois Fields

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第4期71卷 1313-1329页

作者： Hafeez ur Rehman Tariq shah Amer Aljaedi Mohammad Mazyad Hazzazi Adel RAlharbi Department of Mathematics Quaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan College of Computing and Information Technology University of TabukTabuk71491Saudi Arabia Department of Mathematics College of ScienceKing Khalid UniversityAbhaSaudi Arabia

Elliptic curve cryptography ensures more safety and reliability than other public key cryptosystems of the same key size.In recent years,the use of elliptic curves in public-key cryptography has increased due to their complexity and reliability.Different kinds of substitution boxes are proposed to address the substitution process in the cryptosystems,including dynamical,static,and elliptic curve-based methods.Conventionally,elliptic curve-based s-boxes are based on prime field GF(p)but in this manuscript;we propose a new technique of generating s-boxes based on mordell elliptic curves over the Galois field GF(2n).This technique affords a higher number of possibilities to generate s-boxes,which helps to increase the security of the cryptosystem.The robustness of the proposed s-boxes against the well-known algebraic and statistical attacks is analyzed to classify its potential to generate confusion and achieve up to the mark results compared to the various schemes.The majority logic criterion results determine that the proposed s-boxes have up to the mark cryptographic strength.

关键词： Galois field elliptic curve s-box nonlinearity

Atmospheric Convection Model Based Digital Confidentiality scheme

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第6期71卷 4503-4522页

作者： Noor Munir Majid Khan Mohammad Mazyad Hazzazi Amer Aljaedi sajjad shaukat Jamal Iqtadar Hussain Department of Applied Mathematics and statistics Institute of Space TechnologyIslamabadPakistan Department of Mathematics College of ScienceKing Khalid UniversityAbha61413Saudi Arabia College of Computing and Information Technology University of TabukTabuk71491Saudi Arabia Department of Mathematics Statistics and PhysicsQatar UniversityDoha2713Qatar

Nonlinear dynamics is a fascinating area that is intensely affecting a wide range of different disciplines of science and technology globally.The combination of different innovative topics of information security and high-speed computing has added new visions into the behavior of complex nonlinear dynamical systems which uncovered amazing results even in the least difficult nonlinearmodels.The generation of complex actions froma very simple dynamical method has a strong relation with information security.The protection of digital content is one of the inescapable concerns of the digitally advanced world.Today,information plays an important role in everyday life and affects the surroundings rapidly.These digital contents consist of text,images,audio,and videos,respectively.Due to the vast usage of digital images in the number of social and web applications,its security is one of the biggest issues.In this work,we have offered an innovative image encryption technique based on present criteria of confusion and diffusion.The designed scheme comprises two major nonlinear dynamical systems.We have employed discrete fractional chaotic iterative maps to add confusion capability in our suggested algorithm and continuous chaotic Lorenz system.We have verified our offered scheme by using statistical analysis.The investigations under the statistical tests suggested that our proposed technique is quite reasonable for the security of digital data.

关键词： Lorenz atmospheric convection model fractional logistic map image encryption s-box

A Novel Approach for security Enhancement of Data Encryption standard

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第6期75卷 5073-5086页

作者： Dawood shah Tariq shah sajjad shaukat Jamal Mohammad Mazyad Hazzazi Amer Aljaedi Adel R.Alharbi Department of Mathematics Quaid-i-Azam UniversityIslamabadPakistan Department of Mathematics College of ScienceKing Khalid UniversityAbhaSaudi Arabia College of Computing and Information Technology University of TabukTabuk71491Saudi Arabia

Data Encryption standard(DEs)is a symmetric key cryptosystem that is applied in different cryptosystems of recent times.However,researchers found defects in the main assembling of the DEs and declared it insecure against linear and differential cryptanalysis.In this paper,we have studied the faults and made improvements in their internal structure and get the new algorithm for Improved DEs.The improvement is being made in the substitution step,which is the only nonlinear component of the algorithm.This alteration provided us with great outcomes and increase the strength of DEs.Accordingly,a novel 6×6 good quality s-box construction scheme has been hired in the substitution phase of the DEs.The construction involves the Galois field method and generates robust s-boxes that are used to secure the scheme against linear and differential attacks.Then again,the key space of the improved DEs has been enhanced against the brute force attack.The out-comes of different performance analyses depict the strength of our proposed substitution boxes which also guarantees the strength of the overall DEs.

关键词： DEs s-box linear cryptanalysis differential cryptanalysis

A Mathematical Approach for Generating a Highly Non-Linear substitution box Using Quadratic Fractional Transformation

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第11期77卷 2565-2578页

作者： Abid Mahboob Muhammad Asif Rana Muhammad Zulqarnain Imran saddique Hijaz Ahmad sameh Askar Department of Mathematics Division of Science and TechnologyUniversity of EducationLahorePakistan Department of Mathematics University of Management and TechnologySialkot Campus51310Pakistan school of Mathematical sciences Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua321004China Department of Mathematics University of Management and TechnologyLahore54770Pakistan section of Mathematics International Telematic University UninettunoCorso Vittorio Emanuele IIRoma39-00186Italy Department of statistics and Operations Research College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityP.O.Box 2455Riyadh11451Saudi Arabia

Nowadays,one of the most important difficulties is the protection and privacy of confidential data.To address these problems,numerous organizations rely on the use of cryptographic techniques to secure data from illegal activities and assaults.Modern cryptographic ciphers use the non-linear component of block cipher to ensure the robust encryption process and lawful decoding of plain data during the decryption phase.For the designing of a secure substitution box(s-box),non-linearity(NL)which is an algebraic property of the s-box has great importance.Consequently,the main focus of cryptographers is to achieve the s-box with a high value of non-linearity.In this suggested study,an algebraic approach for the construction of 16×16 s-boxes is provided which is based on the fractional transformation Q(z)=1/α(z)^(m)+β(mod257)and finite field.This technique is only applicable for the even number exponent in the range(2-254)that are not multiples of 4.Firstly,we choose a quadratic fractional transformation,swap each missing element with repeating elements,and acquire the initial s-box.In the second stage,a special permutation of the symmetric group s256 is utilized to construct the final s-box,which has a higher NL score of 112.75 than the Advanced Encryption standard(AEs)s-box and a lower linear probability score of 0.1328.In addition,a tabular and graphical comparison of various algebraic features of the created s-box with many other s-boxes from the literature is provided which verifies that the created s-box has the ability and is good enough to withstand linear and differential attacks.From different analyses,it is ensured that the proposed s-boxes are better than as compared to the existing s-boxes.Further these s-boxes can be utilized in the security of the image data and the text data.

关键词： Block cipher s-box data security fractional transformation

An Innovative Technique for Constructing Highly Non-Linear Components of Block Cipher for Data security against Cyber Attacks

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Computer systems science & Engineering 2023年第11期47卷 2547-2562页

作者： Abid Mahboob Muhammad Asif Rana Muhammad Zulqarnain Imran siddique Hijaz Ahmad sameh Askar Giovanni Pau Department of Mathematics Division of Science and TechnologyUniversity of EducationLahorePakistan Department of Mathematics University of Management and TechnologySialkot CampusSialkot51310Pakistan school of Mathematical sciences Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua321004China Department of Mathematics University of Management and TechnologyLahorePakistan section of Mathematics International Telematic University UninettunoCorso Vittorio Emanuele II39Roma00186Italy Department of statistics and Operations Research College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityP.O.Box 2455Riyadh11451Saudi Arabia Faculty of Engineering and Architecturer-Kore University of Enna Enna94100Italy

The rapid advancement of data in web-based communication has created one of the biggest issues concerning the security of data carried over the internet from unauthorized access.To improve data security,modern cryptosystems use substitution-boxes.Nowadays,data privacy has become a key concern for consumers who transfer sensitive data from one place to another.To address these problems,many companies rely on cryptographic techniques to secure data from illegal activities and assaults.Among these cryptographic approaches,AEs is a well-known algorithm that transforms plain text into cipher text by employing substitution box(s-box).The s-box disguises the relationship between cipher text and the key to guard against cipher attacks.The security of a cipher using an s-box depends on the cryptographic strength of the respective s-box.Therefore,various researchers have employed different techniques to construct high order non-linear s-box.This paper provides a novel approach for evolving s-boxes using coset graphs for the action of the alternating group A5 over the finite field and the symmetric group s256.The motivation for this work is to study the symmetric group and coset graphs.The authors have performed various analyses against conventional security criteria such as nonlinearity,differential uniformity,linear probability,the bit independence criterion,and the strict avalanche criterion to determine its high cryptographic strength.To evaluate its image application performance,the proposed s-box is also used to encrypt digital images.The performance and comparison analyses show that the suggested s-box can secure data against cyber-attacks.

关键词： Block cipher coset graphs s-box triangular group