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Major Elements in Lake Muhazi,rwanda,East Africa

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2009年第5期83卷 927-931页

作者： Jean de la Paix MUPENZI GE Jiwen Gabriel HABIYAREMYE China University of Geosciences Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Wuhan 430074 China Hubei Wetland Evolution and Ecological Restoration Key Laboratory Wuhan 430074 China

The aim of this study undertaken at Lake Muhazi in rwanda was to determine and analyze the major elements present in water. The presence of many major elements （Al, As, Ba, C, Ca, Cu, Fe, H^＋, K, Mg, Mn, N, P, S, Si, and Zn） was determined by spectroscopic technique. The concentrations of the elements were measured in water samples taken from three different locations of the lake from May to August 2008. The lake is polluted by water flow from mountain sides surrounding the lake. Other causes of pollution could be the use of agrochemicals in the sugar land, which surrounds the lake, and human activities near the lake. Finally, we proposed the strategies that can be applied in order to ensure good conservation of the environment and to prevent augmentation of heavy materials into the lake.

关键词： major elements environment spectroscopic technique water pollution Muhazi Lake rwanda

Modelling surface runoff using the soil conservation service-curve number method in a drought prone agro-ecological zone in rwanda

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2019年第1期7卷 9-17页

作者： Dieudonne Uwizeyimana Stephen M.Mureithi Simon M.Mvuyekure George Karuku Geoffrey Kironchi Department of Land Resource Management and Agricultural Technology University of NairobiP.O Box 2905300625 NairobiKenya Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources of rwanda P.O.Box 6961KigaliRwanda rwanda Agriculture and Animal Resources Development Board P.O.Box 5016KigaliRwanda

Runoff farming is reported to improve land productivity and crop yields in hot and dry *** study was conducted to assess the available rainwater that can be harvested in a conserved catchment in a drought prone agro-ecological *** study was carried out in the Cyili sub-catchment,southern province of rwanda,which has an irregular rainfall pattern and unexploited runoff *** Conservation Service-Curve Number method (SCS-CN),CROPWAT model version 8 and Hazen model with an average daily rainfall data recorded from 1971 to 2016 were applied to estimate the runoff and water requirements in the study *** of the study revealed that more than half rainfall water received in the catchment was lost through runoff (229.8 mm) and effective rainfall was lower (246.9 mm) than the actual crop water requirement for maize (330 mm).The expected seasonal surface runoff volume to be harvested by the farmers was 3008 m3 ha-1 per season and 1.29 × 106 m3 per season for the entire whole sub-catchment (430 ha).Based on Hazen model,the return period of low rainfall (dry spell) event would be expected every 2 years with a 98% probability of *** sub-catchment has higher potential runoff volume to stabilize the deficit of water demand in the period of short rainy *** suggests that rainwater harvesting through supplementary irrigation is an option to improve the crop yield in the dry period as well as in the annual dry season.

关键词： Available rainwater Cyili sub-Catchment Curve number Runoff rwanda

Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis in rwanda:an update on their epidemiology and control

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 59-69页

作者： Nadine Rujeni Domenica Morona Eugene Ruberanziza Humphrey D.Mazigo Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences School of Health SciencesCollege of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of RwandaP.O.Box 3286NyarugengeRwanda Department of Medical Parasitology School of MedicineCatholic University of Health and Allied SciencesP.O.Box 1464MwanzaTanzania rwanda Biomedical Center Institute of HIVDisease Prevention and ControlMalaria and Other Parasitic Diseases DivisionNeglected Tropical Diseases and Other Parasitic Diseases UnitKigaliRwanda

Even though rwanda lies within a region that has a high prevalence of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth(STH)infections,epidemiological information regarding these infections in the country remains *** present review attempts to compile the available data on schistosomiasis and STHs,from 1940 to 2014,to provide an insight on the epidemiological profile of these *** information will,in turn,support the design and implementation of sustainable control *** available records indicate that only Schistosoma mansoni and all the major species of STHs are endemic in *** 2008,the national prevalence of *** was reported to be 2.7%,ranging from 0 to 69.5%,and that of STH infections was 65.8%(diagnosed using the Kato-Katz technique).The prevalence of these infections varies from one district to another,with schoolchildren remaining a highly affected *** main control approach is mass drug administration using albendazole and praziquantel,mostly targeting school-aged children in school *** 2008,adult individuals living in areas with a prevalence of ***≥30%were also included in the mass drug administration ***,despite rwanda achieving an almost 100%coverage of this programme in 2008-2010,the transmission of *** and STHs continues to take place,as illustrated by the most recent *** rwanda is to achieve sustainable control and elimination of schistosomiasis and STHs,there is a need to revise the country’s control strategy and adopt an integrated control approach that involves a combination of measures.

关键词： Schistosomiasis Soil-transmitted helminths Control Epidemiology rwanda

Intraseasonal oscillation of the rainfall variability over rwanda and evaluation of its subseasonal forecasting skill

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Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2021年第6期14卷 60-65页

作者： Xuan Zhou Lin Chen Janet Umuhoza Yifeng Cheng Lu Wang Ran Wang Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education(KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change(ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD)Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjingChina College of Atmospheric ScienceNanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjingChina Rwanda Meteorology AgencyKigaliRwanda

rwanda is a landlocked country in central-eastern *** a country highly dependent on rain-fed agriculture,rwanda is vulnerable to rainfall *** data show that there are two rainy seasons in rwanda,i.e.,the long rainy season and the short rainy *** study mainly focuses on the dominant intraseasonal rainfall mode during the long rainy season(February-May),and evaluates the forecast skill for the intraseasonal variability(ISV)over rwanda and its surrounding regions in a state-of-the-art dynamic *** the long rainy season,observational results reveal that the dominant intraseasonal rainfall mode in rwanda exhibits a significant variability on the 10-25-day time ***-point-correlation analysis further unveils that the 10-25-day intraseasonal rainfall variability in rwanda co-varies with that in its adjacent areas,indicating that the overall 10-25-day rainfall variability in rwanda and its adjacent regions(8°S-3°N,29°-37°E)should be considered collectively when studying the dominant intraseasonal rainfall variability in *** results show that the development of the 10-25-day rainfall variability is associated with the anomalous westerly wind in rwanda and its surrounding regions,which may trace back to a pair of westward-propagating equatorial Rossby *** on the observational findings,an ISO_rainfall_index and an ISO_wind_index are proposed for quantitatively evaluating the forecast *** ECMWF model has a comparable skill in predicting the wind index and the rainfall index,with both indices showing a skill of 18 days.

关键词： Intraseasonal oscillation rwanda Intraseasonal rainfall variability Subseasonal forecast

Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Coffee Accessions in rwanda and Its Implication for Coffee Breeding

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2017年第10期8卷 2461-2473页

作者： B. P. Muvunyi P. Y. K. Sallah L. Dusengemungu Jiyu Zhang State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China Faculty of Agriculture National University of Rwanda Butare Rwanda Lanzhou University of Technology Lanzhou China

Genetic variation is important in breeding programs because it determines the amount of gain from selection. This study was conducted to determine the magnitude of genetic diversity in coffee (Coffea Arabica L.) accessions for developing superior cultivars in rwanda. Twenty-one coffee accessions established in 1990 in an un-replicated field experiment at the Rubona Experimental Station of the rwanda Agriculture Board (RAB) located in the mid-altitude zone of rwanda, were used in the study. Data were recorded on three randomly selected trees on eight quantitative morphological traits in each accession in 2013. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated highly significant (p 0.01) differences among the accessions for number of primary branches, number of leaves per branch, number of cherries per internode and % coffee leaf rust disease rating;and significant (p 0.05) for yield, but not for internode length, weight of 100 cherries, and number of internodes per branch. Multivariate analysis showed that the first three principal components contributed cumulatively to 78.3% of the total variation. The PCA biplot grouped all the accessions into three different clusters and one singleton. The first and second PCs accounted for 43% and 21%, respectively. Cluster I and II grouped accessions with valuable quantitative agronomic traits while accessions in cluster III exhibited poor agronomic performance. The highest inter cluster distance of 475 was observed between cluster I and II, and the highest intra-cluster distance (62) was in cluster II. The phenotypic markers provided a useful measure of genetic distances among the coffee accessions and identified potential donors for future breeding efforts.

关键词： Coffee Genetic Diversity Morphological Markers Breeding rwanda

The Determinants of Population Growth in rwanda

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Journal of Economic Science Research 2019年第3期2卷 37-44页

作者： Daniel Ruturwa Sebikabu Ignace H.Kabano Department of Applied Statistics School of EconomicsUniversity of RwandaRwanda

The fertility occupies a central position in the study of population *** growth of the population depends entirely on human fertility,including birth,death rates and life *** of the fertility is one of the key determinants of the Population *** paper focused on the determinant factors of population growth in *** the findings,there is a statistically significance of fertility trends at 0.05 percent because the t-statistic in table-4 is greater than its critical value(1.96)at 0.05 *** results provides evidence of Fertility,birth,death and life expectancy as factors which boost population to grow in *** results founded,indicate the existence of high fertility rates even decreasing,lead to increase population due to its positive values over *** means that Fertility rates in rwanda has a positive impact on the country's population growth,especially in the youth who realizes around 48 percent of entire rwandan’s *** relationship between fertility rate and the time describe a decreasing function,which interesting for us showing that fertility has been reduced over *** other words,as well as the years increased,the fertility *** coefficient of Time is(-0.117035)which implies that a unit change in time will change Total Fertility Rate(TFR)by(-0.117035),*** model of fertility represents a decreasing function while the time function still increasing,as shows in the *** fertility variable has positive relationships with the population dependent variable even the fertility coefficient is negative,the probability p-value is significant at 0.05 significance level on one hand and the absolute t-statistic is great than the critical value at 0.05 level of significance,which confirm the statistically significance of *** coefficients on the death rate and Life expectancy are respectively positive and significant at all confidence level,table-5.

关键词： Population Fertility Birth Death Life Expectancy rwanda

Evaluating the Conservation Efforts of Multi-Projects Using Remote Sensing and Light Use Efficiency Model: A Case of Nyungwe Forest National Park, rwanda

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Open Journal of Forestry 2018年第1期8卷 68-86页

作者： Evariste Rutebuka Lixiao Zhang Ernest Frimpong Asamoah Emmanuel Rukundo Apollinaire William State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Beijing Normal University Beijing China Environmental Department Institute of Life and Earth Sciences Pan-African University (PAULESI) and University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria Department of Land Reclamation and Rehabilitation Faculty of Forest Resources Technology Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi Ghana The Nature Conservancy Africa Region Arusha Tanzania

This paper investigates the effectiveness of conservation efforts in the Nyungwe Forest National Park (Nyungwe). The forest is one of the six key landscapes identified for conservation in the Albertine Rift because it hosts many threatened species. As such, a number of different stakeholders have been involved in its conservation since 1987;yet, studies that emphasize and evaluate the success of these conservation efforts are limited. We combined a rapid and relatively low cost remotely-sensed data and the Light Use Efficiency model to generate forest conservation indicators such as NDVI, forest canopy Net Primary Productivity and carbon sequestered from 1986 to 2010. The influence of topographic and climatic factors on these indicators was examined. The supervised classifier was used to catalogue the area into Forest, Wetland, and Bareland. The forest was the major category (above 90%) of Nyungwe relative to wetland and bareland. Based on degradation intensity, two distinctive periods were realised;the first period spans 8 years (1986-1994) whereas the second spans 16 years (1994-2010). The former degradation intensity period is 10 times higher than the latter period. Although the size of forest recovered up to 90%, the daily NPP and carbon sequestration capacity decreased by 37.1% (i.e. NPP 6.5 Mg tons in 1986 to 4.1 Mg tons in 2010). Areas of the forest that are physically constrained (high altitude) had a higher degradation. Guided by our indicators, there is an overall success in conservation efforts, but efforts were mostly concentrated in accessible areas. Therefore, conservation efforts that aim to respond to degradation of the inaccessible areas of the forest should be stressed in the management plan of the park.

关键词： Conservation Efforts Forest Canopy Cover Light Use Efficiency Model Remote Sensing Nyungwe rwanda

Assessing the Skills of Rossby Centre Regional Climate Model in Simulating Observed Rainfall over rwanda

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Atmospheric and Climate Sciences 2021年第3期11卷 398-418页

作者： Janet Umuhoza Lin Chen Lucia Mumo Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change (ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD) Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing China College of Atmospheric Science Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing China rwanda Meteorology Agency Kigali Rwanda South Eastern Kenya University Kitui Kenya

Rainfall over rwanda is highly variable both in space and time. This variability leads to chronic food insecurity due to the overdependence of the economy on rain-fed agriculture systems. This study aims to evaluate the skills of Rossby Centre Regional Climate Model (RCA4) simulations driven by 10 GCMs for the period 1951-2005 using the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC v8) as a reference. Different statistical and geospatial metrics were used to deduce the model’s skills in simulating seasonal and annual rainfall. Results show that the country received bimodal rainfall pattern;March-May (MAM) and September-December (SOND). The RCA4 models are inconsistent in simulating the MAM rainy peak. However, the models are coherent in simulating SOND seasonal peak despite exhibiting wet bias. The models show reasonable skills in simulating mean annual cycle than interannual variability as depicted by insignificant correlation and different signs of rainfall trend. Conclusively, the performance of RCA4 models in simulating observed rainfall characteristics over rwanda is relatively weak. The performance of the models differs at various time scales. Nevertheless, the models can be ranked from the best performing to the least as;CSIRO, CanESM2, CNRM, GFDL, MIROC5, ENS, EC-Earth, HadGEM2, IPSL, MPI, and NorESM1. Ranking the performance of RCA4 historical models acts as a basis for future climate model’s selection depending on the purpose of the study. The findings of this study may help in devising appropriate climate adaptation measures to respond to the ongoing global warming for sustainable economic and livelihood development. Additionally, modelers may improve the model’s parametrization schemes and lessen the inherent chronic biases for a better presentation of the future.

关键词： CORDEX RCA4 Rainfall rwanda Simulation Bias

Immunohistochemical Profile of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 in Gastric Cancer in rwanda

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Open Journal of Gastroenterology 2022年第11期12卷 336-346页

作者： Elisée Hategekimana Déogratias Ruhangaza Christian Hansen Emile Musoni Belson Rugwizangoga Kelsey Hammel Rosen Daniel Gustavo Djibril Mbarushimana Theoneste Nizeyimana Theogene Twagirumugabe Jules Ndoli Felicité Mukamana Christian Ngarambe Emmanuel Habimana Callie Weber Department of Pathology University Teaching Hospital of Butare Huye Rwanda Department of Pathology Butaro District Hospital Burera Rwanda Department of Pathology Community Hospital of the Monteley Peninsula California USA University Teaching Hospital of Kigali Department of Pathology University of Rwanda Kigali Rwanda Department of Pathology Baylor College of Medicine Texas USA University Teaching Hospital of Butare Department of Anesthesia University of Rwanda Huye Rwanda Department of Ophthalmology University Teaching Hospital of Butare Huye Rwanda Department of Surgery University Teaching Hospital of Butare Huye Rwanda Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Teaching Hospital of Butare Huye Rwanda Administration Department Bioventures for Global Health Seattle USA

Background: Of the cancers diagnosed in rwanda, stomach cancer is one of the most encountered. In fact, rwanda belongs to the region where it is most incident in Africa. Most of the patients present with advanced disease. Studies showed that some gastric cancers overexpress Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2/neu) protein and can be treated with Herceptin/Tras-tuzumab. This targeted therapy improves survival in patients with advanced disease. We conducted a study on Immunohistochemical profile of HER2/neu in gastric adenocarcinomas at two main rwandan tertiary centers. Methodology: We tested for HER2/NEU in gastric adenocarcinomas diagnosed at University Teaching Hospital of Kigali (CHUK) and University Teaching Hospital of Butare (CHUB). Demographic and pathologic parameters were collected. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for HER2/neu using c-erb/HER-2/neu (clone SP3) Rabbit Monoclonal antibody was done. Using the guidelines established by Hoffman et al., the agreed score between 2 rwandan pathologists and 1 USA pathologist was considered each time. Data were entered and statistically analyzed using SPSS 22. Descriptive statistical analysis method was used. P-value calculated with Chi-square analysis for positive vs negative and equivocal negative to correlate HER2/neu overexpression with other variables across both hospitals. Results: A total of 286 cases were tested. HER2/neu overexpression (score 3+ or positive) was found in 29 cases (10.1%). 8 cases (2.8%) were equivocal negative (score 2+) while 249 cases (87.1%) were negative (score 0 and 1+). Conclusion: HER2/neu is overexpressed in a subset of gastric cancers in rwanda, a phenomenon that has been reported in other areas of the world. Testing for HER2/neu could identify patients who would get a targeted treatment with Herceptin.

关键词： Gastric Cancer rwanda HER2 Immunohistochemistry