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能源与人工智能(英文) 2022年第1期7卷 1-17页

作者： Jerry CFLi Daniel Zimmerle Peter MYoung Colorado State University United States

United Nations’7th Sustainable Development Goal envisions the availability of modern energy for everyone by 2030.While the progress has been satisfactory in the last few years,further rural electrification is increasingly challenging.The current mainstream approach of electrifying villages individually is becoming cost-ineffective due to uncertainties in both resource availability and energy demand for small,difficult-to-reach,residences.A networked rural electrification model,i.e.a cost-optimized network connecting villages and generation facilities,could improve resources utilization,reliability and flexibility.However,determining optimal paths with common search algorithms is extremely inefficient due to complex topographic features of rural areas.This work develops and applies an artificial intelligence search method to efficiently route inter-village power connections in the common rural electrification situation where substantial topological variations exist.The method is evolved from the canonical A*algorithm.Results compare favorably with optimal A*results,at significantly reduced computational effort.Furthermore,users can adaptively trade-off between computation speed and optimality and hence quickly evaluate sites and configurations at reasonable accuracy,which is impossible with classical methods.

关键词： A*routing Optimal path finding System optimization rural electrification Sustainable development goals SDG7 energy utilization

rural electrification in China: History and Institution

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China & World Economy 2006年第1期14卷 71-84页

作者： Wuyuan Peng Jiahua Pan Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing China. Senior Fellow Research Centre for Sustainable Development Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Beijing China.

China has been highly successful in electrifying rural areas in the past half century. Institutional structure and its reform are important for investment and, therefore, development of rural electrification. Over time, there have been three major institutional changes initiated by the central government; When the People＇s Republic was Jounded in 1949, it was short of capital, technology and management professionals to promote rural electrification, so rural electricity had a separate administrative system from the urban areas. From 1949 to 1977, China established a comprehensive vertical ,system of rural electricity administration under strict central planning. At the end of the 1970s, with the adoption of economic reform policy, the central government handed over the management of the local electricity system to local government. County level has proved the most effective implementation unit for both planning and project implementation of the rural electricity system. From 1998 to 2002, the central government has been separating local electricity supplyfrom local governments to facilitate the commercial operation of the utility market. Aider 2002, the rural electricity system was merged with the urban system, forming an integrated national electricity administrative system in China.

关键词： history institutional structure investment rural electrification

Prospects of key technologies of integrated energy systems for rural electrification in China

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Global Energy Interconnection 2021年第1期4卷 3-17页

作者： Jiaxi Li Dan Wang Hongjie Jia Guohong Wu Wei He Huaqiang Xiong Key Laboratory of Smart Grid of Ministry of Education Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072P.R.China Key Laboratory of Smart Energy&Information Technology of Tianjin Municipality(Tianjin University) Tianjin 300072P.R.China Tohoku Gakuin University 1-13-1 ChuoTagajoMiyagi 985-8537Japan State Grid Jiangxi Electric Power Research Institute Nanchang 330096P.R.China

Owing to increasing environmental concerns and resource scarcity, integrated energy system shave become widely used in communities. rural energy systems, as one of the important links of the energy network in China, suffer from low energy efficiency and weak infrastructure. Therefore, it is particularly important to increase the proportion of electricity consumption and build an integrated energy system for rural electrification in China(IESREIC) with a rural distribution network as the core, in line with national conditions. In this study, by analyzing the Chinese regional differences and natural resource endowments, the development characteristics of the IESREIC are summarized. Then, according to the existing rural energy problems, key technologies are proposed for the IESREIC, such as those for planning and operation, value sharing, infrastructure, and a management and control platform. Finally, IESREIC demonstration projects and business models are introduced for agricultural production, rural industrial systems, and rural life. The purpose is to propose research concepts for the IESREIC, provide suggestions for the development of rural energy, and provide a reference for the construction of rural energy systems in countries with characteristics similar to those of China.

关键词： rural electrification Integrated energy system Planning energy value sharing Energy management and control platform Energy business model

Flexible networked rural electrification using levelized interpolative genetic algorithm

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能源与人工智能(英文)

能源与人工智能(英文) 2022年第4期10卷 41-59页

作者： Jerry C.F.Li Daniel Zimmerle Peter M.Young Colorado State University Fort CollinsCO 80523United States

Networked rural electrification is an alternative approach to accelerate rural electrification.Using satellite photos and GIS tools,an electrical distribution network is used to connect villages and properly located generation facilities together to reduce electrification cost.To design the network,optimal paths connecting all node-pairs are identified,followed by finding a network topology that minimizes cost.Earlier work has illustrated that A*(A-star,an optimal path-finding algorithm)is inefficient for this application due to the complex topography in rural areas.The multiplier-accelerated A*(MAA*)algorithm overcomes key performance issues,but,like A*,produces only one path connecting each node-pair.Relying on one path increases project risk because adverse conditions,such as inaccurate GIS estimation,unexpected soil conditions,land-rights disputes,political issues,etc.can occur during implementation.In this paper,a hybrid path-finding method combining genetic algorithm and A*/MAA*algorithm is proposed.The proposed method provides a family of near-optimal paths instead of a single optimal path for routing.A family of paths allows a project implementer to quickly adapt to unexpected situations as new information becomes available,and flexibly change network topology before or during implementation with minimal impact on project cost.

关键词： rural electrification SDG7 Path finding Genetic algorithm,A^(*)algorithm

Micro Hydro Power Plant for Sustainable Energy in rural electrification: A Case Study in Cameroon

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Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 2023年第6期11卷 34-43页

作者： Elie Bertrand Kengne Signe Lyse Vanessa Ngansop Tchatchouang Pierre Pokem Paule Alexandrine Ekoube Lucien Meva’a Jean Nganhou Center of Research on Renewable Energy Institute for Geological and Mining Research Yaoundé Cameroon National Advanced School of Engineering University of Yaoundé 1 Yaoundé Cameroon

The state of Cameroon, faced with the situation the electricity deficits, is promoting the development of renewable energies in general and to meet rural electrification needs in particular. The purpose of this work is to study the feasibility of the MHP of Batcheu, to show its contribution to sustainable development in this locality and to prove that it is a profitable project. After study, it appears that the waterfall of Batcheu is favourable to the establishment of a MHP with an installed power of 260 kW with an operating diagram corresponding to a Francis turbine. Given that it is a renewable energy that can supply more than 800 households in rural areas, its contribution to sustainable development is obvious. Its investment cost is estimated at 171,465,396 FCFA. It is a profitable project with a payback time of 7 years and 2 months.

关键词： Micro Hydro Power Sustainable Development rural electrification

Microgrids-as-a-Service for rural electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2020年第6期63卷 1249-1261页

作者： Qi Liu Kondwani Michael Kamoto Xiaodong Liu School of Computer and Software Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing210044China Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing210044China School of Computing Edinburgh Napier UniversityEdinburghEH105DTUK

The majority of the population on the African continent is unable to access basic electricity services,this despite the abundance of renewable energy sources(RESs).The inability to adequately tap into these RESs has led to the continued dependence on non-renewable energy sources such as coal for electricity generation,and kerosene for cooking and lighting,the resulting use of which is poor health conditions.The use of Microgrids(MGs)is being extensively researched as a feasible means of tackling the challenge of electrification,especially in rural and remote areas.Recent times have seen an increasing number of research works focusing on Sub-Saharan Africa(SSA),which is one of the regions with the lowest electrification rates in the world.MGs provide the most suitable means to integrate RESs into the electricity generation process,paving the way towards clean energy for the African continent.This paper presents a review of recent literature on the usage of MG technology for rural electrification,with a specific focus on the applicability of MGs in the SSA context.The paper additionally presents the challenges and opportunities to date.Research findings indicate that SSA has already begun the transition towards clean energy via implementation of RES-based MGs.However,two resonating challenges in the literature are adequate support via policy,and proper planning of project implementation.These two major barriers are needed to be overcome in order to fully utilize MGs for rural electrification in SSA.The key methodology derived from this study is that any effort towards rural electrification requires a sufficient amount of investigation,incorporating both the technological and socio-economic aspects into a suitable design for the target location.

关键词： Microgrid rural electrification Sub-Saharan Africa

Design of a Photovoltaic Mini-Grid System for rural electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Energy and Power Engineering 2021年第3期13卷 91-110页

作者： Edwin N. Mbinkar Derek A. Asoh Roger Tchuidjan Amadou Baldeh Laboratoire de Genie Electrique Mecatronique et Traitement du Signal ENSPY University of Yaounde I Yaounde Cameroon NAHPI/HTTTC University of Bamenda Bamenda Cameroon Gambia Techinical Training Instisitute Banjul the Gambia

This paper presents a detailed design of a photovoltaic (PV) system for use in the rural electrification of remote settlements that are far off from the electricity grid. Since investment in building transmission lines from the grid to these localities is not viable, a good solution is an installation in these areas of standalone photovoltaic systems. The design process comprises the choice and dimensioning of the solar panels, the battery storage, DC-AC inverter, and mini transmission grid to the different homes. The design is for a 15 kW PV system including an economic evaluation and analysis using Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software. Data on the average monthly solar radiation and temperature were obtained from various sources, including, Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS) for Africa. From this data the study area receives a monthly average solar insolation of 6.16 kWh/m2/day with the worst month being August with 5.22 kWh/m2/day. The total daily electrical energy consumption is estimated to be about 72.525 kWh. Simulation results using HOMER software shows that the overall capital cost of the PV system components is $122,337, a replacement cost of $12,889 and an operation and maintenance cost of $29,946 over 10years. A financial analysis of the system showed that the design was both viable and sustainable with low maintenance cost.

关键词： Photovoltaic Solar Radiation rural electrification Mini-Grid System Dimensioning

Risk Identification and Appraisal of rural electrification Projects in Ghana.

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Risk Identification and Appraisal of Rural Electrification P...

作者： Yankey Emmanuel 山东大学

学位级别：硕士

rural electrification projects are saddled with risks which have greater potential of affecting adversely on the attainment of project objectives and it’s generally known that the fruition of a project depends largely on the risks managed or mitigated.This study sought to identify the risks affecting rural electrification projects in Ghana and assess the identified risk that inhibits the projects in the achievement of Ghana’s vision to universal access to electricity.The researcher utilized a three-step identification framework encompassed a literature review of documented past experience,experts" consultation and questionnaire based survey to identify the potential key risk factors.The results of the study depicted that 52 risk factors have a significant impacts on rural electrification project of which 21 of these risk factors are of significant level as well as through the assessment technique,risks were ranked both at macro and micro levels respectively.It revealed from the study that economic risk and financial risk have the highest level of impact at the macro level while inflation and interest rate fluctuation sub-factors have the highest ranking at micro level.It was therefore concluded that the study accentuated the importance of the two strategic processes of identification and appraisal towards attaining a robust orderly risk management methods and systems.To this end,the study recommends the implementation and use of the combination of the multi-technique identification framework and average weight score（AWS）method as an appropriate ideal for management of risks in rural electrification project and also the study drew attention to the need for focus on highly prioritized risk factors to mitigate their likelihoods of occurrence and impact on the attainment of project objectives.

关键词： rural electrification Risk Identification Risk factor Ghana

A Preliminary Assessment of Load Consumption and Solar Power Potential at Kota Belud,Sabah

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Energy Engineering 2022年第4期119卷 1361-1377页

作者： Maryon Eliza Matius Mohd Azlan Ismail Adriana Erica Amaludin Yan Yan Farm Mohd Adzrie Radzali Ahmad Fazlizan Wan Khairul Muzammil Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaysia SabahJalan UMSKota Kinabalu88400Malaysia Centre of Research in Energy and Advanced Materials Faculty of EngineeringUniversiti Malaysia SabahJalan UMSKota Kinabalu88400Malaysia Solar Energy Research Institute Universiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaBangi43600Malaysia

This paper presents a detailed preliminary assessment of load consumption and solar power potential at the Eco-Tourism Centre of Liogu Ku Silou-Silou(EPLISSI),Kota Belud,Sabah.This initial investigation assessed the feasibility of an off-grid solar PV system at EPLISSI with a suitable solar panel system for project installation and commissioning purposes.Due to the absence of an electrical grid and power supply,no pre-existing electrical appliances could be found in EPLISSI.Hence,an excel-based software,the ESCoBox,was used to produce the load profiles.The input data for this software came from a list of required electrical appliances(LED lights,fans,and phone chargers)and the historical frequency of visitors to EPLISSI.Meanwhile,to assess the solar power potential at EPLISSI,an online simulator known as Global Solar Atlas version 2.3 or GSA 2.3 was used.As an input for the GSA 2.3,the initial solar panel system capacity was set for 0.5 kWp,and then an increment of 0.1 kWp was entered until specific criteria were met.The selection of the suitable size is made when the system can satisfy the daily total average load demand and a specific load fulfillment demand.As a result,it was found that the site requires a total average demand and a total peak demand of 4.60 and 11.87 kWh/day,respectively.From the GSA 2.3 generated report,an off-grid solar PV system with the capacity of 2.50 kWp solar PV can satisfy the daily total average load demand of this area,where the average PV energy output is within the range of between 7.74–9.80 kWh/day or an average of 8.72 kWh/day.In conclusion,this preliminary assessment indicates that installing an off-grid solar PV system in this area is possible.

关键词： Solar energy rural electrification stand-alone solar PV system load profile ESCoBox Malaysia

Modelling and analysis of decentralized energy systems with photovoltaic, micro-hydro, battery and diesel technology for remote areas of Nepal

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Clean Energy 2021年第4期5卷 690-703页

作者： Nawaraj Sanjel Bivek Baral Department of Mechanical Engineering Kathmandu UniversityDhulikhelNepal

Remote areas of Nepal suffer from limited or no access to electricity.Providing electricity access in remote areas is one of the foremost challenges of any developing country.The purpose of this study is to develop and propose a reliable and low-cost model for electrification.The study presents an optimized choice between decentralized renewable-energy systems and grid expansion.Opting for an analytical method for the modelling and analysis of electrification options based on life-cycle cost(LCC)and economic distance limit,each energy system for varied load conditions is compared for a better option.A framework for energy-system selection based on available resources is proposed.It compares the grid-expansion option with potential isolated renewable-energy systems to ensure energy access to the area under consideration.Additionally,off-grid configurations that rely on renewable energy sources are also considered for the necessity of backup supply to ensure continuous power to the research area.Techno-economic assessment is carried out for different off-grid and hybrid configurations proposed in this study and their feasibility checks are carefully examined.Commercial efficacy of the proposed hybrid energy systems is assessed by comparing the life cycle and energy cost and by performing different additional sensitivity analyses.The study concludes that reduced generation cost supports the increasing penetration of electrification.The LCC for grid expansion is the most economical under high-load conditions,whereas for the isolated and sparsely settled populations with low-load conditions,photovoltaic power backed up with a diesel generator is the most economical.

关键词： decentralized energy system energy planning rural electrification economic distance limit life-cycle cost