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Understanding the impact of mountain landscapes on water balance in the upper Heihe River watershed in northwestern China

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Journal of Arid Land 2013年第3期5卷 366-383页

作者： Jia QIN YongJian DING JinKui WU MingJie GAO ShuHua YI ChuanCheng ZHAO BaiSheng YE Man LI ShengXia WANG State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences Division of Hydrology Water-Land Resources in Cold and Arid Regions Chinese Academy of Sciences

Estimating the impact of mountain landscape on hydrology or water balance is essential for the sus- tainable development strategies of water resources. Specifically, understanding how the change of each landscape influences hydrological components will greatly improve the predictability of hydrological responses to mountain landscape changes and thus can help the government make sounder decisions. In the paper, we used the VIC （Variable Infiltration Capacity） model to conduct hydrological modeling in the upper Heihe River watershed, along with a frozen-soil module and a glacier melting module to improve the simulation. The improved model performed satisfactorily. We concluded that there are differences in the runoff generation of mountain landscape both in space and time. About 50% of the total runoff at the catchment outlet were generated in mid-mountain zone （2,900-4,000 m asl）, and water was mainly consumed in low mountain region （1,700-2,900 m asl） because of the higher requirements of trees and grasses. The runoff coefficient was 0.37 in the upper Heihe River watershed. Barren landscape produced the largest runoff yields （52.46% of the total runoff） in the upper Heihe River watershed, fol- lowed by grassland （34.15%）, shrub （9.02%）, glacier （3.57%）, and forest （0.49%）. In order to simulate the impact of landscape change on hydrological components, three landscape change scenarios were designed in the study. Scenario 1, 2 and 3 were to convert all shady slope landscapes at 2,000-3,300 m, 2,000-3,700 m, and 2,000-4,000 m asl respectively to forest lands, with forest coverage rate increased to 12.4%, 28.5% and 42.0%, respectively. The runoff at the catchment outlet correspondingly declined by 3.5%, 13.1% and 24.2% under the three scenarios. The forest landscape is very important in water conservation as it reduced the flood peak and increased the base flow. The mountains as ＂water towers＂ play important roles in water resources generation and the impact of mountai

关键词： mountain landscape runoff modeling water balance VIC model Heihe River watershed

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UNIQUE ASPECTS OF modeling IRRIGATION-INDUCED SOIL EROSION

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2000年第2期 245-252页

作者： D.L. Bjorneberg D.C. Kincaid R.D. Lentz R.E. Sojka (USDA-ARS, Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Lab, Kimberly, ID) T.J. Trout (USDA-ARS, Water Management Research Lab, Fresno, CA)

The mechanics of soil erosion from irrigated and rainfed lands are similar. Soil particles are detached,transported and deposited. However, there are some systematic differences between irrigation and rainfallerosion. Electrolyte concentrations in irrigation water, for example, are almost always greater than in rainwater. Differences between rainfall and irrigation are more prominent for surface irrigation than forsprinkler irrigation. For instance, rainfall wets the soil before runoff begins, but water initially flows ontodry soil in irrigation furrows. Furthermore, furrow flow rate decreases with distance and increases withtime, while the opposite tends to occur with rainfall. For sprinkler systems, travel direction and slopeaspect interact, so runoff can flow within the irrigated area or from the irrigated area onto dry or wet ***, a sprinkler-irrigation erosion model must consider both the rainfall-runoff situation and the furrowflow situation. These differences in soil and water interactions must be considered before computermodels can accurately simulate irrigation-induced soil erosion.

关键词： Soil erosion Irrigation Electrolyte concentration Furrow flow runoff modeling

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