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Human-induced environmental changes influence habitat use by an ungulate over the long term

Current Zoology 2019年第2期65卷 129-137页

作者： Michat CIACH Tukasz PEKSA Department of Forest Biodiversity Institute of Forest Ecology and Silviculture Faculty of Forestry University of Agriculture al. 29 Listopada 46 31-425 Krakow Poland Tatra National Park ul. Kuznice 1 34-500 Zakopane Poland

Habitat use and preferences may be subject to spatial and temporal changes. However, long-term studies of species-habitat relationships are the exception. In the prese nt research, I on g-term trends in habitat use by an alpine ungulate, the Tatra chamois Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica, were analyzed. We exami ned how envir on mental changes attributable to climate cha nge, removal of sheep, and habituation to hikers, which took place over the last half-century have changed the spatial distribution of animals. Data on the localities of groups sighted between 1957 and 2013 during autumnal population surveys were used to evaluate habitat associations: these were correlated with year, group size, population size, and climatic conditions. The results indicate that the Tatra chamois is tending, over the long term, to lower its altitude of occurrenee, reduce its average distance to hiking trails, and stay less often on slopes with a southerly aspect. These trends are in dependent of group size, population size, and the weather conditions prevailing during observations, though not for altitude, where increases in air temperature are related to finding chamois at higher elevations. The proportion of alpine meadows and slope in the places used by chamois is correlated with population size, while the proportion of areas with trees and/or shrubs is correlated with group size and air temperature, though long-term changes were not evident for these variables. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to document Iong-term trends in habitat use by ungulates. It shows that a species' ecology is influe need by huma n-in duced cha nges: abandonment of pasturage, high-mountain tourism, and climate changes, which constitute the most probable reasons for this aspect of behavioral evolution in the Tatra chamois.

关键词： habitat selection long-term study population ecology protected area ruminant

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Barley grain for ruminants: A global treasure or tragedy

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2012年第4期3卷 167-175页

作者： Akbar Nikkhah Department of Animal Sciences Faculty of Agricultural Sciences University of Zanjan

Barley grain （Hordeum vulgate L.） is characterized by a thick fibrous coat, a high level of β-glucans and simply-arranged starch granules. World production of barley is about 30 % of that of corn. In comparison with corn, barley has more protein, methionine, lysine, cysteine and tryptophan. For ruminants, barley is the third most readily degradable cereal behind oats and wheat. Due to its more rapid starch fermentation rate compared with corn, barley also provides a more synchronous release of energy and nitrogen, thereby improving microbial nutrient assimilation. As a result, feeding barley can reduce the need for feeding protected protein sources. However, this benefit is only realized if rumen acidity is maintained within an optimal range （e.g., 〉 5.8 to 6.0）; below this range, microbial maintenance requirements and wastage increase. With a low pH, microbial endotoxines cause pro-inflammatory responses that can weaken immunity and shorten animal longevity. Thus, mismanagement in barley processing and feeding may make a tragedy from this treasure or pearl of cereal grains. Steam-rolling of barley may improve feed efficiency and post-rumen starch digestion. However, it is doubtful if such processing can improve milk production and feed intake. Due to the need to process barley less extensively than other cereals （as long as the pericarp is broken）, consistent and global standards for feeding and processing barley could be feasibly established. In high-starch diets, barley feeding reduces the need for capacious small intestinal starch assimilation, subsequently reducing hindgut starch use and fecal nutrient loss. With its nutritional exclusivities underlined, barley use will be a factual art that can either matchlessly profit or harm rumen microbes, cattle production, farm economics and the environment.

关键词： Barley Cereal ruminant Starch Treasure

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The role of seaweed as a potential dietary supplementation for enteric methane mitigation in ruminants: Challenges and opportunities

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Animal Nutrition 2021年第4期7卷 1371-1387页

作者： Byeng R.Min David Parker David Brauer Heidi Waldrip Catherine Lockard Kristin Hales Alexia Akbay Simona Augyte College of Agriculture Environment and Nutrition SciencesTuskegee UniversityTuskegeeAL 36088USA United States Department of Agriculture(USDA) Agriculture Research Service(ARS)2300 Experiment Station Dr.BushlandTX 79012USA Department of Animal and Food Sciences Texas Tech UniversityLubbockTX 79409USA Symbrosia Inc Kailua-KonaHI 96740USA

Seaweeds are macroalgae,which can be of many different morphologies,sizes,colors,and chemical profiles.They include brown,red,and green seaweeds.Brown seaweeds have been more investigated and exploited in comparison to other seaweed types for their use in animal feeding studies due to their large sizes and ease of harvesting.Recent in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that plant secondary compound-containing seaweeds(e.g.,halogenated compounds,phlorotannins,etc.)have the potential to mitigate enteric methane(CH_(4))emissions from ruminants when added to the diets of beef and dairy cattle.Red seaweeds including Asparagopsis spp.are rich in crude protein and halogenated compounds compared to brown and green seaweeds.When halogenated-containing red seaweeds are used as the active ingredient in ruminant diets,bromoform concentration can be used as an indicator of antimethanogenic properties.Phlorotannin-containing brown seaweed has also the potential to decrease CH_(4) production.However,numerous studies examined the possible anti-methanogenic effects of marine seaweeds with inconsistent results.This work reviews existing data associated with seaweeds and in vitro and in vivo rumen fermentation,animal performance,and enteric CH4 emissions in ruminants.Increased understanding of the seaweed supplementation related to rumen fermentation and its effect on animal performance and CH_(4) emissions in ruminants may lead to novel strategies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions while improving animal productivity.

关键词： Seaweed Bromoform Methane Phlorotannins ruminant Cattle

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Dietary mitigation of enteric methane emissions from ruminants:A review of plant tannin mitigation options

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Animal Nutrition 2020年第3期6卷 231-246页

作者： Byeng R.Min Sandra Solaiman Heidi M.Waldrip David Parker Richard W.Todd David Brauer United States Department of Agriculture(USDA) Agricultural Research Service(ARS)BushlandTX79012USA Tuskegee University TuskegeeAL36088USA

Methane gas from livestock production activities is a significant source of greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions which have been shown to influence climate change.New technologies offer a potential to manipulate the rumen biome through genetic selection reducing CH4 production.Methane production may also be mitigated to varying degrees by various dietary intervention strategies.Strategies to reduce GHG emissions need to be developed which increase ruminant production efficiency whereas reducing production of CH4 from cattle,sheep,and goats.Methane emissions may be efficiently mitigated by manipulation of natural ruminal microbiota with various dietary interventions and animal production efficiency improved.Although some CH4 abatement strategies have shown efficacy in vivo,more research is required to make any of these approaches pertinent to modern animal production systems.The objective of this review is to explain how anti-methanogenic compounds(e.g.,plant tannins)affect ruminal microbiota,reduce CH4 emission,and the effects on host responses.Thus,this review provides information relevant to understanding the impact of tannins on methanogenesis,which may provide a cost-effective means to reduce enteric CH4 production and the influence of ruminant animals on global GHG emissions.

关键词： Feed efficiency Greenhouse gas(GHG)emission Methanogenesis Tannin ruminant

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Mammary stem cells:expansion and animal productivity

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2014年第4期5卷 371-378页

作者： Ratan K Choudhary School of Animal Biotechnology Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University

Identification and characterization of mammary stem cells and progenitor cells from dairy animals is important in the understanding of mammogenesis, tissue turnover, lactation persistency and regenerative therapy. It has been realized by many investigators that altered lactation, long dry periods （non-milking period between two consecutive lactation cycles）, abrupt cessation of lactation （common in water buffaloes） and disease conditions like mastitis, greatly reduce milk yield thus render huge financial losses within the dairy sector. Cellular manipulation of specialized cell types within the mammary gland, called mammary stem cells （MaSCs）/progenitor cells, might provide potential solutions to these problems and may improve milk production. In addition, MaSCs/progenitor cells could be used in regenerative therapy against tissue damage caused by mastitis. This review discusses methods of MaSC/progenitor cell manipulation and their mechanisms in bovine and caprine animals. Author believes that intervention of MaSCs/progenitor cells could lessen the huge financial losses to the dairy industry globally.

关键词： Hormones Mammary stem cell Manipulation Milk production ruminant Xanthosine

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Detection of Babesia bovis in blood samples and its effect on the hematological and serum biochemical profile in large ruminants from Southern Punjab

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012年第2期2卷 104-108页

作者： Samreen Zulfiqar Sadia Shahnawaz Muhammad Ali Arif Mahmood Bhutta Shahid Iqbal Sikandar Hayat Shazia Qadir Muhammad Latif Nazia Kiran Ali Saeed Muhammad Ali Furhan Iqbal Institute of Pure and Applied Biology.Zoology Division Bahauddin Zakariya University Faculty of Veterinary Sciences Bahauddin Zakariya University Institute of Biotechnology Bahauddin Zakariya University

Objective:To determine the presence of Babesia bovis(B.bovis)in large ruminants in southern Punjab and its effect on hematological and serum biochemical profile of host animals.Methods:Blood samples were collected from 144 large ruminants,including 105 cattle and 39 buffaloes,from six flistricts in southern Punjab including Multan,Layyali,Muzaffar Garh,Bhakar.Bahawalnagar and Vehari.Data on the characteristics of animals and herds were collected through questionnaires.Different blood(hemoglobin,glucose)and serum(ALT.AST,I.DH,cholesterol)parameters of calves and cattle were measured and compared between parasite positive and negative samples to demonstrate the effect of B.bovis on the blood and serological profile of infected animals.Results:27 out of 144 animals,from 5 out of 6 sampling districts,produced the541-bp fragment specific for B.bovis.Age of animals(P=0.02),presence of ticks on animals(P=0.04)and presence of ticks on dogs associated with herds(P=0.5)were among the major risk factors involved in the spread of bovine babesiosis in the study area.ALT concentrations were the only serum biochemical values that significantly varied between parasite positive and negative cattle.Conclusions:This study has reported for the first time the presence of B.bavis in large ruminant and the results can lead to the prevention of babesiosis in the region to increase the livestock output.

关键词： Babesia bovis PCR amplification Cattle Hematology Serum biochemistry ruminant Babesiosis Serological profile

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Ruminal in situ disappearance kinetics of six nutritive ingredients in leaves and stems of young tetraploid black locust in growing steers

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Forestry Studies in China 2009年第3期11卷 168-173页

作者： JIANG Jin-zhong SUN Peng LI Yun ZHANG Guo-jun LIU Jian-hua HAN Feng-bao NIU Chen College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Beijing Forestry University Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education Beijing 100083 P. R. China Department of Chemistry Guizhou Normal College Guiyang 550018 P. R. China Forestry Bureau of Xianghe County Hebei Province Xianghe 065400 P. R. China Department of Plant and Soil Science Texas Tech University Lubbock 79409 USA

Tetraploid black locust （Robinia pseudoacacia） is a woody plant with larger leaves and richer nutritional content than normal diploid black locust, with greater biomass and wider adaptability than herbaceous plant forage. However, currently no stock- breeders have adopted it as a major forage in China and other countries for a lack of information on the evaluation of nutritional ingredients of leaves and stems of young tetraploid black locust （YTBL） by in situ digesting tests. The objectives of this study were： 1） to assess the nutritive value of YTBL that bourgeoned from root stumps in the spring by determining the ruminal in situ disappearance kinetics of dry matter （DM）, organic matter （OM）, crude protein （CP）, ether extract （EE）, neutral detergent fiber （NDF） and acid detergent fiber （ADF） from leaves, stems and a mixture of both leaves and stems （MLS） of YTBL; 2） to compare these kinetic estimates with those of Leymus chinensis, a widely used ruminant forage in China. All samples were evaluated in situ by using five ruminally cannulated crossbred steers （550±22.7 kg BW）. The results of 48 hours, the representative incubation period, indicate that in situ disappearance rates of DM and OM in YTBL leaves, stems and MLS are on average about 40% and can attain the level of digestibility of L. chinensis. In situ disappearance rates of leaves, stems and MLS of YTBL for CP and EE were 41% and 58% respectively, rates higher than those of L. chinensis. But the disappearance rates of NDF and ADF were, on average, respectively 30.62% and 24.89% and lower than those ofL. chinensis. By analyzing synthetically all of our results it could be inferred that MLS of YTBL offers effective ruminal degradability of DM, NDF, ADF, CP, EE and OM, similar to the nutrients of L. chinensis. This supports our contention that the YTBL leaves, stems and MLS are suitable feed for those ruminants requiring high levels of nutrients, such as dairy cows and Boer goats, instead of plant forage, which is decidedly lacking in some parts of the wor

关键词： tetraploid black locust in situ disappearance kinetics ruminant nutritive analyses

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Characterization of Lignin before and after Exposure to the Gastrointestinal Tract of ruminants

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2016年第11期7卷 748-753页

作者： E. O. S. Saliba D. Pilo-Veloso N. M. Rodriguez E. A. Capanema J. S. Saliba A. L. C. C. Borges L. C. Gonçalves I. Borges D. G. Jayme R. R. Silva Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Brazil Wood and Paper Science Department North Carolina State University (NCSU) Raleigh USA

The aim of this study was to investigate the structural composition of lignin (LIPE®) extracted from Eucalyptus grandis, before and after exposure to the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants. For this study lignin was isolated, purified and characterized using 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, nitrobenzene oxidation, functional groups analysis and gas chromatography with mass spectroscopy. To have a better understanding of lignin morphology and of its ultra structure, electron microscopy in wood cell wall was utilized. The lignin fecal samples showed similar 1H NMR spectrums and nitrobenzene oxidation products compared with LIPE®. The result of the microanalysis of LIPE®was similar to data shown in the literature. The ultra structure of lignin was similar to that of Bamboo (hard wood). The lignin isolated from feces of sheep was identical to the original LIPE®, which means that this product can be used as an external marker in protein digestibility in sheep.

关键词： Lignin Eucalyptus grandis ruminant

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Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Virus Is Transmitted More Effectively via Aerosol Nebulization than Oral Administration

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2012年第3期2卷 113-119页

作者： Lynn M. Herrmann-Hoesing Stephen N. White Liam E. Broughton-Neiswanger Wendell C. Johnson Susan M. Noh David A. Schneider Hong Li Naomi S. Taus James Reynolds Thomas Truscott Rohana P. Dassanayake Donald P. Knowles Animal Disease Research Unit U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Washington State University Pullman USA Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology Washington State University Pullman USA

A new method of experimental infection of ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV), aerosol nebulization (Nb), was compared to intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) methods of experimental infection. Seven month old lambs were given 3.5 × 107 TCID50 of Dubois OPPV LMH19 isolate using IV, PO, or Nb methods and were monitored for infection using cELISA and OPPV quantitative (q) PCR for 35 weeks. Four out of four sheep in the IV group, six out of six sheep in the Nb group, but only two out of six sheep in the PO group became infected by OPPV;whereas the uninoculated controls (n = 2) and a sentinel control (n = 1) remained uninfected during the course of the study. The time to a cELISA or OPPV qPCR positive result in the Nb group was quicker and statistically different from the time to a cELISA or OPPV qPCR positive result in the PO group (cELISA P value = 0.0021 and OPPV qPCR P value = 0.0007). When the Nb and IV groups were compared, sheep became cELISA and OPPV qPCR positive at similar times (cELISA P value = 0.6 and OPPV qPCR P value = 0.1). In addition, sheep became OPPV qPCR positive prior to cELISA in both the IV and Nb groups (IV P value = 0.027 and Nb P value = 0.007). Aerosol nebulization is a more natural experimental method of transmitting OPPV and may be valuable for testing potential vaccines or specific host genetics.

关键词： Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Virus = OPPV Visna/Maedi Virus = VMV Small ruminant Lentivirus = SRLV Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus = CAEV Transmission

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Blood and Milk Glutamine + Glutamate and Milk Composition in Lactating Holstein Cows in Semi-Arid of Brazil

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Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine 2014年第12期4卷 322-328页

作者： Joyci Torres d’Paula Rafael Leonardo Vargas Martinez Telga Lucena de Almeida Craveiro Alves Stephania Katurchi Mendes Mélo Marianne Kutschenko Eduardo Terra Nogueira Helena Emília Cavalcanti da Costa Cordeiro Manso Hélio Cordeiro Manso Filho Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco Recife Brazil Associaç ã o Pernambucana dos Criadores Recife Brazil Ajinomoto do Brasil S&atilde o Paulo Brazil

Our objectives were to measure glutamine (Gln) and glutamate (Glu) concentrations in the milk and blood of lactating Holstein cows, as well as milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC) throughout different stages of lactation. Samples were collected from 21 cows in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 10th months of lactation. It analyzed Gln and Glu in the blood and Gln, Glu, lactose, fat, protein and somatic cells in the milk. Also, it measured Gln and Glu in blood from these dairy cows’ calves. Results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, T-test and Tukey’s test, with a 5% significance level. There was a difference in blood [Gln] in from dairy cows (P nd (~0.181 μmol/mL) and 5th (~0.190 μmol/mL) months of lactation and the highest at 10th month (~0.276 μmol/mL). Also there was a higher protein content in the 5th and 10th months of lactation (~3.61% each) when compared to the other months (P < 0.05). There was no difference in calves’ parameters and in all others parameters from dairy cows. We concluded that the lactation period produced a significant interference in blood [Gln] but not in milk [Gln] which may indicate increase in utilization or decrease in production of this amino acids during lactation in these cows under tropical conditions.

关键词： Amino Acid Lactation Bovine ruminant

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