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Response of root morphology, physiology and endogenous hormones in maize(Zea mays L.) to potassium deficiency

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2016年第4期15卷 785-794页

作者： ZHAO Xin-hua YU Hai-qiu WEN Jing WANG Xiao-guang DU Qi WANG Jing WANG Qiao College of Agronomy Shenyang Agricultural University Agro-Biotechnology Research Institute Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Potassium （K） deficiency is one of the major abiotic stresses which has drastically influenced maize growth and yield around the world. However, the physiological mechanism of K deficiency tolerance is not yet fully understood. To identify the differences of root morphology, physiology and endogenous hormones at different growing stages, two maize inbred lines 90-21-3 （tolerance to K deficiency） and D937 （sensitive to K deficiency） were cultivated in the long-term K fertilizer experimental pool under high potassium （＋K） and low potassium （-K） treatments. The results indicated that the root length, volume and surface area of 90-21-3 were significantly higher than those of D937 under -K treatment at different growing stages. It was noteworthy that the lateral roots of 90-21-3 were dramatically higher than those of D937 at tasselling and flowering stage under-K treatment. Meanwhile, the values of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and oxidizing force of 90-21-3 were apparently higher than those of D937, whereas malondialdehyde （MDA） content of D937 was obviously increased. Compared with ＋K treatment, the indole-3-acetic acid （IAA） content of 90-21-3 was largely increased under-K treatment, whereas it was sharply decreased in D937. On the contrary, abscisic acid （ABA） content of 90-21-3 was slightly increased, but that of D937 was significantly increased. The zeatin riboside （ZR） content of 90-21-3 was significantly decreased, while that of D937 was relatively increased. These results indicated that the endogenous hormones were stimulated in 90-21-3 to adjust lateral root development and to maintain the physiology function thereby alleviating K deficiency.

关键词： potassium deficiency maize root morphology physiological variation endogenous hormone

Influence of Biochar on Nitrogen Use Efficiency and root morphology of Rice-Seedling in Two Contrasting Paddy Soils

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2020年第4期89卷 1035-1042页

作者： Lei Chu Yu Zhang Long Qian Dandan Zhu Haijun Sun Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China College of ForestryNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration of Jiangsu Province Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China

Biochar may affect the root morphology and nitrogen(N)use efficiency(NUE)of rice at seedling stage,which has not been clearly verified until now.To clarify it,we conducted a pot experiment regarding to two soil types(Hydragric Anthrosol and Haplic Acrisol),two biochar application rates(0.5 wt%and 1.5 wt%)and two rice varieties(common rice var.Xiushui134 and hybrid super rice var.Zhongkejiayou12-6)meanwhile.Seedling NUE of common rice Xiuhui134 was significantly increased(proot morphology(including longer root length,larger root surface area,bigger root volume,and more root tips)contributed to the higher seedling NUE of Xiushui134 in two soils.The soil pH and NH_(4)^(+)-N content,also the root morphology were influenced by biochar,which though could not thoroughly explained the NUE of Zhongkejiayou12-6.In conclusion,biochar application to paddy soil changed soil pH and NH_(4)^(+)-N content,root growth,and the consequent seedling NUE of rice,which effects are relative with rice cultivar,biochar addition rate,and soil type.

关键词： Ammonium biochar nitrogen management rice paddy soil root morphology super rice

Genotypic variation in root morphology, cotton subtending leaf physiology and fiber quality against nitrogen

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Journal of Cotton Research 2021年第4期4卷 358-371页

作者： ASIF Iqbal DONG Qiang WANG Xiangru GUI Huiping ZHANG Hengheng PANG Nianchang ZHANG Xiling SONG Meizhen State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyang 455000China Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences ChangjiXinjiang 831100China School of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450000China

Background:Nitrogen(N)is important for improving various morphological and physiological processes of cotton but their contribution to fiber quality is still lacking.Aims:The current study aimed to explore the relationship between root morphology,subtending leaf physiology,and fiber quality of contrasting N-efficient cotton genotypes in response to N.Methods:We analyzed the above parameters of CCRI 69(N-efficient)and Xinluzao-30(XLZ-30,N-inefficient)under control(2.5 mmol·L^(-1))and high N(5 mmol·L^(-1))conditions.Results:The results showed that root morphological traits were increased in CCRI-69 under control conditions than high N.Subtending leaf morphology,chlorophyll and carotenoid contents,free amino acids,and soluble proteins were higher under high N as compared with the control.However,soluble sugars,fructose,sucrose contents,and sucrose phosphate synthase were higher under control conditions than high N across the growth stages.Irrespective of the N conditions,all morphological and physiological traits of cotton subtending leaf were higher in CCRI-69 than XLZ-30.Except for fiber uniformity,fiber quality traits like fiber length,strength,micronaire,and elongation were improved under control conditions than high N.Between the genotypes,CCRI-69 had significantly higher fiber length,strength,micronaire,and elongation as compared with XLZ-30.Strong positive correlations were found between root morphology,soluble sugars,sucrose content,and sucrose phosphate synthase activity with fiber quality traits,respectively.Conclusions:These findings suggest that CCRI-69 performed better in terms of growth and fiber quality under relatively low N condition,which will help to reduce fertilizer use,the cost of production,and environmental pollution.

关键词： Cotton Fiber quality Nitrogen root morphology Subtending leaf

The adaptive significance of differences of root morphology, anatomy and physiology from three ecotypes of reed(Phragmites communis Trin.)

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2016年第3期8卷 196-204页

作者： YuBing Liu XinRong Li ZhiShan Zhang XiaoJun Li Jin Wang Shapotou Desert Research & Experiment Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions of Gansu Province Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences

Reeds are widely distributed in drought and high salt conditions of northwestern China. Leaf epidermal micromorphology, anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure and physio-chemical characteristics due to long-term adaptation in the natural habitats of common reed （Phragmites communis Trin.） contrasted considerably among three different ecotypes： dune reed （DR）, Gobi salt reed （GSR） and swamp reed （SR）. The main objective of the present study is to determine the adapting characteristics of morphology, anatomy and physiological responses of thin roots in DR, GSR and SR. The results show that root length density was higher in SR and few root hairs were observed in DR. Cross-section anatomical features show that each ecotype has an endodermis and exodermis, while cortex thickness and proportion of root cortical aerenchyma and stele in root structure varied among the three ecotypes. The stele and xylem share a larger area in DR compared to GSR and SR. GSR has a large proportion of the cortex with radialized distribution of aerenchyma cells spacing, and the cortex has a peripheral, mechanically stiff ring in the exodermis. SEM and TEM microscope images show that GSR has a scle- renchyma ring with high lignification in the exodermis. The physio-chemical parameters show that GSR had a higher level of stress tolerance than DR. These findings indicate that developed water-absorbing tissues were largely distributed in the root structure of DR, and a main framework with supporting function spacing with aerenchyma was dominant in GSR in the long term adaptation to their natural habitats, respectively.

关键词： Phragmites communis ecotype root morphology cross-section anatomy physio-chemical parameters

root morphology, Plant Growth, Nitrate Accumulation and Nitrogen Metabolism of Temperate Lettuce Grown in the Tropics with Elevated root-Zone CO₂ at Different root-Zone Temperatures

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2016年第14期7卷 1821-1833页

作者： Jie He Lin Qin Sing Kong Lee Natural Sciences and Science Education Academic Group National Institute of Education Nanyang Technological University Singapore

This paper investigated the effects of root-zone (RZ) CO2 concentration ([CO2]) on root morphology and growth, nitrate (NO3-) uptake and assimilation of lettuce plants at different root-zone temperatures (RZT). Elevated RZ [CO2] stimulated root development, root and shoot growth compared to ambient RZ [CO2]. The greatest increase in root growth was observed in plants grown under elevated RZ [CO2] of 50,000 ppm. However, RZ [CO2] of 10,000 ppm was sufficient to achieve the maximal leaf area and shoot productivity. Lettuce plants exhibited faster shoot and root growth at 20°C-RZT than at ambient (A)-RZT. However, under elevated RZ [CO2], the magnitude of increased growth was greater at A-RZT than at 20°C-RZT. Compared to RZ [CO2] of 360 ppm, elevated RZ [CO2] of 10,000 ppm increased NO3- accumulation and nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in both leaves and roots. NO3- concentrations of leaf and root were higher at 20°C-RZT than at A-RZT in all plants. NRA was higher in root than in leaf especially under A-RZT. The total reduced nitrogen (TRN) concentration was significantly higher in plants grown under elevated RZ [CO2] of 10,000 ppm than under ambient RZ [CO2] of 360 ppm with greater concentration in 20°C-RZT plants than in A-RZT plants. These results imply that elevated RZ [CO2] significantly affected root morphology, root and shoot growth and N metabolism of temperate lettuce with greater impacts at A-RZT than at 20°C-RZT. These findings have practical significance to vegetable production by growing the vegetable crops at cool-RZT with elevated RZ [CO2] to enhance its productivity.

关键词： Lettuce Nitrate Assimilation Nitrate Uptake root morphology root-Zone CO2 root-Zone Temperature

Complex effects of different types of acid rain on root growth of Quercus acutissima and Cunninghamia lanceolata saplings

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Ecological Processes 2022年第1期11卷 51-64页

作者： Xin Liu Shilin Ma Zhaohui Jia Muhammad Ramzan Miaojing Meng Jinping Wang Chong Li Yinlong Zhang Jinchi Zhang Co‑Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological RestorationNanjing Forestry University159 Longpan RoadNanjing 210037JiangsuChina Co‑Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University159 Longpan RoadNanjing 210037JiangsuChina

Background:Soil acidification caused by acid rain(AR)can damage plant roots,which in turn negatively impacts plant health.In response to changing AR types,research efforts to elucidate their specific impacts on plants have become intense.Methods:For this study,we investigated the effects of simulated sulfuric,nitric,and mixed AR on the root systems of Quercus acutissima Carr.and Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook.under different acidity levels.Results:As the AR S/N ratio and pH decreased,the height growth rate(HGR),basal diameter growth rate(DGR),total root length(TRL)and total root surface area(TRS)of C.lanceolata decreased,whereas the TRL and TRS of Q.acutissima remained the same.When the NO_(3)^(−)concentration in AR was increased,the root activity,superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)activities of C.lanceolata roots revealed a downward trend;however,the root activity of Q.acutissima and the peroxidase(POD)activity of C.lanceolata roots revealed an upward trend.Further,redundant analysis and structural equation models indicated that AR pH had a greater impact on the HGR of Q.acutissima than that of C.lanceolata,while the impact of the AR S/N ratio on C.lanceolata growth rates was greater than that of Q.acutissima.Conclusions:Our results suggested that the root systems of different tree species had variable responses to AR,and the AR S/N ratio was an important factor affecting plant root growth.This might facilitate new strategies for the culti‑vation and protection of plantations in the future.

关键词： Sulfuric and nitric acid rain root growth root morphology root activity Antioxidant enzyme activity

Integration of root architecture,root nitrogen metabolism,and photosynthesis of‘Hanfu’apple trees under the cross-talk between glucose and IAA

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Horticultural Plant Journal 2023年第4期9卷 631-644页

作者： Bianbin Qi Xin Zhang Zhiquan Mao Sijun Qin Deguo Lv College of Horticulture Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyangLiaoning 110866China College of Horticultural Science and Engineering Shandong Agricultural UniversityTaianShandong 271018China

Sugars and auxin have important effects on almost all phases of plant life cycle,which are so fundamental to plants and regulate similar processes.However,little is known about the effect of cross-talk between glucose and indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)on growth and development of apple trees.To examine the potential roles of glucose and IAA in root architecture,root nitrogen(N)metabolism and photosynthetic capacity in‘Hanfu’(Malus domestica),a total of five treatments was established:single application of glucose,IAA,and auxin polar transport inhibitor(2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid,TIBA),combined application of glucose with TIBA and that of glucose with IAA.The combined application of glucose with IAA improved root topology system and endogenous IAA content by altering the mRNA levels of several genes involved in root growth,auxin transport and biosynthesis.Moreover,the increased N metabolism enzyme activities and levels of genes expression related to N in roots may suggest higher rates of transformation of nitrate(NO3--N)into amino acids application of glucose and IAA.Contrarily,single application of TIBA decreased the expression levels of auxin transport gene,hindered root growth and decreased endogenous IAA content.Glucose combined with TIBA application effectively attenuated TIBA-induced reductions in root topology structure,photosynthesis and N metabolism activity,and mRNA expression levels involved in auxin biosynthesis and transport.Taken together,glucose application probably changes the expression level of auxin synthesis and transport genes,and induce the allocation of endogenous IAA in root,and thus improves root architecture and N metabolism of root in soil with deficit carbon.

关键词： Malus Cross-talk between glucose and IAA root morphology Nitrogen metabolism Photosynthesis

The Effects of Fertilizers on Rabbiteye Blueberry(Vaccinium ashei Reade.)root Distribution and Fruit Yield

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2022年第6期91卷 1289-1302页

作者： Xiaolan Guo Chenyan Liu Muhammad Shakeel Delu Wang College of Forestry Guizhou UniversityGuiyang550025China Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions 9 Institute of EntomologyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025China

The root system plays an important role in the growth and development of blueberry.The aim of this study was to assess the impacts of different fertilizers on the root growth and root–yield relationship of blueberry to provide insight into the regulation of root growth and fruit yield by fertilizing from the perspective of the root system.Rabbiteye blueberry variety‘Britewell’as the test material,and six fertilizers,including BF,OR,CF,SF,HF,and RT were used in single-factor fertilization experiments to analyze the effects of different fertilizer treatments on the root morphology,root distribution,and fruit yield of blueberry.Fertilization overall increased the root length density and root surface area in most soil layers,and the RT treatment significantly increased the total root length density and total root surface area 98.6%and 98.5%,respectively,compared with a control lacking fertilizer.In addition,the effect of fertilization on the blueberry root system was mainly observed in the 0–20 cm layer.Fruit yield was positively correlated with total root length density and total root surface area,and negatively correlated with average root diameter.In summary,the SF and RT treatments increased the morphological indexes of the root system,particularly in the shallow soil layers,leading to an increase in blueberry fruit yield.

关键词： Fertilization membership function root morphology rabbiteye blueberry

Effects of root Cutting on Morphological Characteristics and Endogenous Hormone Levels of Quercus variabilis Seedlings

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国际实验植物学杂志(英文) 2023年第10期92卷 2907-2920页

作者： Ruoyi Ni Hao Dou Shuwen Bi Tiantian Wang Jin’e Quan Xitian Yang College of Forest Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450002China

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of root cutting stress on the dynamic changes of endogenous hormone content and growth characteristics of Quercus variabilis roots,and to explore the physiological role of endogenous hormones in regulating root-crown interactions in the short term.The morphological characteristics and endogenous hormone contents of normal roots(no root cutting,CK)and cut roots(cut by 1/3 of the length of the main root,RP)were determined by liquid chromatography,which was combined with mass spectrometry at different levels of different developmental stages.The results showed that the root growth indexes and root endogenous hormones in the RP group were superior to those in the CK group.Through comprehensive analysis of endogenous hormones,it was found that the crosstalk of IAA,JA,ABA and SA could activate the root growth defense.After the root cutting treatment,the root growth of Quercus variabilis seedlings could compensate for the inhibition of taproot growth by promoting lateral root growth.The growth and development of compensatory lateral roots contribute to the increase the total root length of plants,thus promoting the absorption of water and nutrients.It is speculated that plant hormones may be the key factors affecting their development,but this is not only related to the content of a single hormone,but more importantly,it is the interaction between various hormones.

关键词： Quercus variabilis root cutting injury endogenous hormones root morphology