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Field investigation and numerical simulation on rockfalls in Zhangmu Town, Tibet, China

Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第3期19卷 740-755页

作者： WANG Zhong-fu LIU Han-dong HE Si-ming BI Dan North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power Zhengzhou 450046China Henan Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Structure Engineering Zhengzhou 450046China Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610041China China Liaohe Petroleum Engineering co. LTDPanjin124010China

Zhangmu Town in Tibet of China,which lies in the southern piedmont of the median Himalayas,is a small but strategically important port of trade exchange between China and Nepal.Many rockfall events have occurred in Zhangmu since 1970,resulting in huge economic losses and serious influence on the bilateral trade.We conducted a detailed field investigation on the high and steep slope in Zhangmu Town,and analyzed the distribution features,stability,failure modes and evolution of dangerous rocks of potential rockfalls.Then we numerically simulated the movement path,velocity and accumulation forms of the rockfall with PFC^(3D) program.The results indicated that the dangerous rock belt could be divided into three sections,namely,unstable section,slightly stable section and basically stable section.It was estimated that the rock debris and single dangerous rock would be unstable in the case of earthquakes or rainstorms.Due to the terrain constraints,the fallen rocks would scatter near the mouth of the Zhangmu ditch and in the Buqu River through multiple times of rolling,collision-induced diversion and bouncing.Without reinforcement,the rockfall could cause serious damage to the car parks,gas stations and National Highway 318 along the line from Zhangmu Town to Zhangmu ditch.Based on the field survey and numerical simulation,we recommended rockfall removal and interception as the major prevention measures,and protective sheds as auxiliary measure.

关键词： rockfalls Failure mode Stability analysis Numerical simulation Micro parameters Prevention measures

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Rock temperature variability in high-altitude rockfall-prone areas

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第3期19卷 798-811页

作者： Guido NIGRELLI Marta CHIARLE Andrea MERLONE Graziano COPPA Chiara MUSACCHIO Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche(CNR) Istituto di Ricerca per la Protezione Idrogeologica(IRPI)Torino 10135Italy Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica(INRiM) Torino 10135Italy

In a context of cryosphere degradation caused by climate warming,rock temperature is one of the main driving factors of rockfalls that occur on high-elevation mountain slopes.In order to improve the knowledge of this critical relationship,it is necessary to increase measurement capability of rock temperature and its variability in different lithological and slope/aspect conditions,and also to increase local scale studies,increasing the quality and the comparability of the data.This paper shows an example of metrological characterization of sensors used for rock temperature measurement in mountain regions,by means of the measurement uncertainty.Under such approach,data and results from temperature measurements carried out in the Bessanese high-elevation experimental site(Western European Alps)are illustrated.The procedures for the calibration and field characterization of sensors allow to measure temperature in different locations,depths and lithotypes,within 0.10°C of overall uncertainty.This work has highlighted that metrological traceability is fundamental to asses data quality and establish comparability among different measurements;that there are strong differences between air temperature and near-surface rock temperature;and that there are significant differences of rock temperature acquired in different aspect conditions.Finally,solar radiation,slope/aspect conditions and lithotype,seem to be the main driving factors of rock temperature.

关键词： Rock temperature rockfalls European Alps Climate warming Temperature measurement

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Dynamic behaviors of rockslides subjected to brittle failure of locked segments

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Journal of Mountain Science 2023年第2期20卷 532-541页

作者： HU Kai ZHAO Xiao-yan ZHANG Guang-ze Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering Southwest Jiaotong UniversityChengdu 611756China China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co. LtdChengdu 610031China

Locked segments are recognized as a critical role that controls the stability of rock slopes but remain an unclear and challenging problem with respect to their role incorporated into the failure mechanism.In order to study the effect of the locked segments on the initial failure process of rockslides,thirty-six groups of locked segment specimens with three different lithologies were prepared,direct shear tests were carried out to obtain the accelerations caused by brittle failure of the locked segment specimens.Experiment results showed that the maximum accelerations caused by the brittle failure of locked segment specimens was 2.91 g in the horizontal direction,and 3.18 g in the vertical direction.We took the Wangjiayan rockslide in 2008 Wenchuan earthquake as an example,the critical balance condition of the sliding mass under combined effect of gravity and accelerations induced by brittle failure of locked segment was analyzed,which indicated that the initial failure process of the Wangjiayan rockslides was notably influenced by the existence of the locked segment.The departure acceleration and direction of the Wangjiayan rockslide were proposed.The study results can provide a new insight into the understanding of the initial failure mechanism of rockslides with locked segments.

关键词： Rockslides rockfalls Locked segment Direct shear test Initial failure mechanism Sudden departure Brittle failure

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Machine Learning-Based Evaluation of Susceptibility to Geological Hazards in the Hengduan Mountains Region, China

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2022年第2期13卷 305-316页

作者： Jiaqi Zhao Qiang Zhang Danzhou Wang Wenhuan Wu Ruyue Yuan Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster Ministry of EducationBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Faculty of Geographical Science Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency ManagementBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China

The Hengduan Mountains Region(HMR) is one of the areas that experience the most frequent geological hazards in China. However, few reports are available that address the geological hazard susceptibility of the region.This study developed six machine learning models to assess the geological hazard susceptibility. The results show that areas with medium and high susceptibility to geological hazards as a whole account for almost 21% of the total area, while both are 18% when it comes to the single hazard of landslide and rockfall respectively. Medium and high geological hazard susceptibility is found in three parts of the HMR with different characteristics:(1)the central and southern parts, where the population of the region concentrates;(2) the northern part, where higher geological hazard susceptibility is found along the mountain ranges;and(3) the junction of Tibet, Yunnan, and Sichuan in the eastern part, which is prone to larger-scale geological hazards. Of all the potential influencing factors,topographic features and climatic variables act as the major driving factors behind geological hazards and elevation,slope, and precipitation are crucial indicators for geological hazard susceptibility assessment. This study developed the geological hazard susceptibility maps of the HMR and provided information for the multi-hazard risk assessment and management of the region.

关键词： Geological hazards Landslides Machine learning techniques rockfalls Susceptibility evaluation

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An integrated approach to investigate climate-driven rockfall occurrence in high alpine slopes: the Bessanese glacial basin, Western Italian Alps

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Journal of Mountain Science 2020年第11期17卷 2591-2610页

作者： VIANI Cristina CHIARLE Marta PARANUNZIO Roberta MERLONE Andrea MUSACCHIO Chiara COPPA Graziano NIGRELLI Guido Department of Earth Sciences University of Torino10125 TorinoItaly Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection Italian National Research Council10135 TorinoItaly Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Italian National Research Council10133 TorinoItaly National Institute of Metrological Research 10135 TorinoItaly

rockfalls are one of the most common instability processes in high mountains.They represent a relevant issue,both for the risks they represent for(infra)structures and frequentation,and for their potential role as terrestrial indicators of climate change.This study aims to contribute to the growing topic of the relationship between climate change and slope instability at the basin scale.The selected study area is the Bessanese glacial basin(Western Italian Alps)which,since 2016,has been specifically equipped,monitored and investigated for this purpose.In order to provide a broader context for the interpretation of the recent rockfall events and associated climate conditions,a cross-temporal and integrated approach has been adopted.For this purpose,geomorphological investigations(last 100 years),local climate(last 30 years)and near-surface rock/air temperatures analyses,have been carried out.First research outcomes show that rockfalls occurred in two different geomorphological positions:on rock slopes in permafrost condition,facing from NW to NE and/or along the glacier margins,on rock slopes uncovered by the ice in the last decades.Seasonal thaw of the active layer and/or glacier debutressing can be deemed responsible for slope failure preparation.With regard to timing,almost all dated rock falls occurred in summer.For the July events,initiation may have been caused by a combination of rapid snow melt and enhanced seasonal thaw of the active layer due to anomalous high temperatures,and rainfall.August events are,instead,associated with a significant positive temperature anomaly on the quarterly scale,and they can be ascribed to the rapid and/or in depth thaw of the permafrost active layer.According to our findings,we can expect that in the Bessanese glacierized basin,as in similar high mountain areas,climate change will cause an increase of slope instability in the future.To fasten knowledge deepening,we highlight the need for a growth of a network of high elevation experimental sites at the basin scale,and the d

关键词： rockfalls Climate change Air and rock temperature Periglacial environment Western Italian Alps

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AN APPLICATION OF THE ROCK ENGINEERING SYSTEMS(RES) METHODOLOGY IN ROCKFALL HAZARD ASSESSMENT ON THE CHENGDU-LHASA HIGHWAY,CHINA

AN APPLICATION OF THE ROCK ENGINEERING SYSTEMS(RES) METHODOL...

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中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所2004学术年会

作者： L.Q.Zhang~1,Z.F.Yang~2,Q.L.Liao and J.Chen 1,2)Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing,P.R.China

The purpose of this paper is to present an application of the Rock Engineering System(RES) methodology in hazard assessment of rockfalls which occurred along a 430km long section of the ChengduLhasa Highway.In the area under investigation,rockfall hazard analysis is complicated by extensive distribution of blocks and boulders,lack of data,complex geological structure,difficult site conditions and the high number of interactive factors.A comprehensive approach is developed for evaluating rockfall hazards in the complex environments,allowing the utilization of all the knowledge about intensity, frequency and hazards ofrockfalls.Following this approach,10 parameters relevant to rockfall intensity and another 4 parameters to rockfall frequency are respectively assessed by two interaction matrixes.After matrix coding,classification and rating of those interactive parameters,the rockfall intensity index RII and rockfall frequency index RFI for 19 slopes are computed,and the rockfall hazard index RHI obtained by the product of RII and RFI.Then rockfall hazards of the 19 slopes are classified and ordered in terms of the magnitudes of RHI.

关键词： rockfalls rockfall hazards intensity frequency interaction matrix and hazard assessment

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An application of the rock engineering system(RES) methodology to rockfall hazard assessment on the Chengdu-Lhasa Highway,China

An application of the rock engineering system(RES) methodolo...

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中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所2004学术年会

作者： L.Q.Zhang~*,Z.F.Yang,Q.L.Liao,J.Chen Chinese Academy of Sciences.Institute of Geology and Geophysics.Beijing.PR China

The purpose of this paper is to present an application of the rock engineering system(RES) methodology in hazard assessment of rockfalls occurred along a 430 km long section of the Chengdu-Lhasa Highway.Situated within the suture zone created by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates,rockfall hazard analysis is complicated by extensive distribution of dangerous blocks and boulders,lack of field data,complex geological structure,difficult site conditions and the high number of interactive factors.A comprehensive approach is developed for evaluating rockfall hazards in the complex environments,which allows the utilization of all the knowledge about intensity,frequency and hazards of rockfalls.Based on the objective of rockfall hazard assessment,factors relevant to rockfall intensity are selected to be block geometry,block strength,slope geometry,slope materials. vegetation,motion modes,coefficient of restitution,resistance coefficient,possible velocity and maximum travel distance of rockfalls,and factors affecting rockfall frequency are reduced to number of blocks,block stability,triggering events of rockfalls,and rockfall history. To evaluate interactions of parameters influencing rockfall intensity or rockfall frequency,two interaction matrices are established by placing the chosen parameters in the leading diagonal of a square matrix and considering parameter interactions in the offdiagonal boxes of the matrix.After weighting,classification and rating of those parameters,the rockfall intensity index RⅡand rockfall frequency index RFI for 19 slopes are computed,and the rockfall hazard index RHI obtained by the product of RII and RFI(see Fig.I).Then the rockfall hazards of the 19 slopes are classified and ordered in terms of the magnitudes of RHI,which provides a scientific basis for optimization of mitigation costs. This application indicates that the RES methodology can be used to analyze the interaction mechanism of numerous parameters sensitive to rockfall hazards,and enables easy evaluation

关键词： rockfalls Rockfall hazard Intensity Frequency Interaction matrix and hazard assessment

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