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A review of rock macro-indentation:Theories,experiments,simulations,and applications

Journal of rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2024年第6期16卷 2351-2374页

作者： Weiqiang Xie Xiaoli Liu Xiaoping Zhang Xinmei Yang Xiaoxiong Zhou State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China Yunlong Lake Laboratory of Deep Underground Science and Engineering Xuzhou221116China State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science Wuhan UniversityWuhan430072China

rock macro-indentation plays a fundamental role in mechanical rock breaking for various rock engineering application,such as drilling,tunneling,cutting,and sawing.Over the past decades,extensive research has been conducted to understand the indentation mechanisms and responses through various approaches.This review aims to provide an overview of the current status and recent advancements in theories,experiments,numerical simulations,and applications of macro-indentation in rock engineering.It starts with elaborating on the mechanisms of macro-indentation,followed by a discussion of the merits and limitations of commonly used models.Influence factors and their effects on indentation test results are then summarized.Various numerical simulation methods for rock macro-indentation are highlighted,along with their advantages and disadvantages.Subsequently,the applications of indentation tests and indentation indices in characterizing rock properties are explored.It reveals that compression-tension,compression-shear,and composite models are widely employed in rock macroindentation.While the compression-tension model is straightforward to use,it may overlook the anisotropic properties of rocks.On the other hand,the composite model provides a more comprehensive description of rock indentation but requires complex calculations.Additionally,factors,such as indentation rate,indenter geometry,rock type,specimen size,and confining pressure,can significantly influence the indentation results.Simulation methods for macro-indentation encompass continuous medium,discontinuous medium,and continuous-discontinuous medium methods,with selection based on their differences in principle.Furthermore,rock macro-indentation can be practically applied to mining engineering,tunneling engineering,and petroleum drilling engineering.Indentation indices serve as valuable tools for characterizing rock strength,brittleness,and drillability.This review sheds light on the development of rock macro-indentation and its extensive application in enginee

关键词： rock macro-indentation Indentation test Indentation indices Mechanism rock breaking

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rock breaking performance of the newly proposed unsubmerged cavitating abrasive waterjet

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International Journal of Mining Science and Technology 2023年第7期33卷 843-853页

作者： Chenxing Fan Haitao Zhang Yong Kang Hanqing Shi Deng Li Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterjet Theory and New Technology Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430072China School of Power and Mechanical Engineering Wuhan UniversityWuhan 430072China

To improve the rock breaking ability, cavitating waterjet and abrasive waterjet are combined by using a coaxial low-speed waterjet generated around the periphery of a high-speed abrasive waterjet, and a new type of waterjet called unsubmerged cavitating abrasive waterjet(UCAWJ) is thus produced. The rock breaking performance of UCAWJ was compared with submerged cavitating abrasive waterjet(SCAWJ)and unsubmerged abrasive waterjet(UAWJ) by impinging sandstone specimens. Moreover, the effects of jet pressure, standoff distance, abrasive flow rate and concentration were studied by evaluating the specific energy consumption, and the area, depth, and mass loss of the eroded specimen. The results show that the artificially generated submerged environment in UCAWJ is able to enhance the rock breaking performance under the same operating parameters. Furthermore, the rock breaking performance of UCAWJ is much better at higher jet pressures and smaller standoff distances when compared with UAWJ. The greatest rock breaking ability of UCAWJ appears at jet pressure of 50 MPa and standoff distance of 32 mm, with the mass loss of sandstone increased by 370.6% and the energy dissipation decreased by 75.8%. In addition, under the experimental conditions the optimal abrasive flow rate and concentration are 76.5 m L/min and 3%, respectively.

关键词： rock breaking Abrasive waterjet Unsubmerged cavitation Erosion Specific energy consumption

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Effect of the number of irradiation holes on rock breaking under constant laser energy

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Petroleum Science 2022年第6期19卷 2969-2980页

作者： Hai-Zeng Pan Yi Hu Yong Kang Ze-Feng Wang Jia-Wei Liu Hao Chen Meng-Da Zhang Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterjet Theory and New Technology Wuhan UniversityWuhan430072HubeiChina School of Power and Mechanical Engineering Wuhan UniversityWuhan430072HubeiChina The Institute of Technological Sciences Wuhan UniversityWuhan430072HubeiChina School of Urban Construction Wuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430081HubeiChina Jianghan Machinery Research Institute Limited Company of CNPC Wuhan430000HubeiChina

The use of mechanical drilling in accessing energy resources stored in deep and hard rock formations is becoming increasingly challenging.Thus,laser irradiation has emerged as a novel drilling method with considerable in this context.This study examines the variation of rock fracture length,fracture tortuosity,hole size,and rock breaking efficiency for a different number of holes and laser power,based on the constant total energy of laser irradiation.As indicated by the results,increasing the laser power increases the laser intensity,which helps increase the hole diameter and depth.Moreover,for the same laser power,increasing the number of irradiated holes reduces the laser energy absorbed by each hole,which is not conducive to increasing the hole depth.As the number of holes increases,the mass loss of the rock also increases,while both specific energy(SE)and modified specific energy(MSE)decrease.When the number of holes remains the same,the mass of the shale removed by low power is less than that removed by high power,while SE and MSE have an inverse relation with power.Therefore,high laser power and multiple-hole irradiation are more conducive to rock breaking.Besides,the fracture length and fracture tortuosity of the rock irradiated by the low laser power will increase first and then decrease with the increase in the number of holes,and reach the peak value when the irradiation takes place through three holes.When a high-power laser irradiates the rock,the fracture length and tortuosity will increase with the increase in the number of irradiation holes.This is because a rock irradiated by low power dissipates more energy,with the result that the energy absorbed by the sample with four irradiation holes is not enough to break the rock quickly.This study is expected to provide some guidance to break rock for drilling deep reservoirs and hard rock formations using laser irradiation.

关键词： Number of irradiation holes rock breaking Fracture tortuosity Macrofracture

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Numerical Study on rock breaking Mechanism of Supercritical CO_(2)Jet Based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2020年第3期122卷 1141-1157页

作者： Xiaofeng Yang Yanhong Li Aiguo Nie Sheng Zhi Liyuan Liu School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering China University of Mining and TechnologyBeijing100083China. Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering EMS Energy Institute and G3 CenterPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkState CollegePA 16802USA. School of Civil and Resource Engineering University of Science&Technology BeijingBeijingChina.

Supercritical carbon dioxide(Sc-CO_(2))jet rock breaking is a nonlinear impact dynamics problem involving many factors.Considering the complexity of the physical properties of the Sc-CO_(2)jet and the mesh distortion problem in dealing with large deformation problems using the finite element method,the smoothed particle hydrodynamics(SPH)method is used to simulate and analyze the rock breaking process by Sc-CO_(2)jet based on the derivation of the jet velocity-density evolution mathematical model.The results indicate that there exists an optimal rock breaking temperature by Sc-CO_(2).The volume and length of the rock fracture increase with the rising of the jet temperature but falls when the jet temperature exceeds 340 K.With more complicated perforation shapes and larger fracture volumes,the Sc-CO_(2)jet can yield a rock breaking more effectively than water jet,The stress analysis shows that the Sc-CO_(2)rock fracturing process could be reasonably divided into three stages,namely the fracture accumulation stage,the rapid failure stage,and the breaking stabilization stage.The high diffusivity of Sc-CO_(2)is identified as the primary cause of the stress fluctuation and W-shaped fracture morphology.The simulated and calculated results are generally in conformity with the published experimental data.This study provides theoretical guidance for further study on Sc-CO_(2)fracturing mechanism and rock breaking efficiency.

关键词： Supercritical carbon dioxide jet rock breaking SPH stress distribution erosion morphology.

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Experimental investigation on the cuttings formation process and its relationship with cutting force in single PDC cutter tests

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Petroleum Science 2023年第3期20卷 1779-1787页

作者： Xian-Wei Dai Zhong-Wei Huang Tao Huang Peng-Ju Chen Huai-Zhong Shi Shuang Yan State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu610059SichuanPR China State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum-BejingBeijing102249PR China PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gasfield Company Northeast Sichuan Gas District PR China

The single polycrystalline diamond compact(PDC)cutter test is widely used to investigate the mecha-nism of rock-breaking.The generated cuttings and cutting force are important indexes reflecting the rock failure process.However,they were treated as two separate parameters in previous publications.In this study,through a series of rock block cutting tests,the relationship between them was investigated to obtain an in-depth understanding of the formation of cuttings.In addition,to validate the standpoints obtained in the aforementioned experiments,rock sheet cutting tests were conducted and the rock failure process was monitored by a high-speed camera frame by frame.The cutting force was recorded with the same sampling rate as the camera.By this design,every sampled point of cutting force can match a picture captured by the camera,which reflects the interaction between the rock and the cutter.The results indicate that the increase in cutting depth results in a transition of rock failure modes.At shallow cutting depth,ductile failure dominates and all the cuttings are produced by the compression of the cutter.The corresponding cutting force fluctuates slightly.However,beyond the critical depth,brittle failure occurs and chunk-like cuttings appear,which leads to a sharp decrease in cutting force.After that,the generation of new surface results in a significant decrease in actual cutting depth,a parameter proposed to reflect the interaction between the rock and the cutter.Consequently,ductile failure dominates again and a slight fluctuation of cutting force can be detected.As the cutter moves to the rock,the actual cutting depth gradually increases,which results in the subsequent generation of chunk-like cuttings.It is accompanied by an obvious cutting force drop.That is,ductile failure and brittle failure,one following another,present at large cutting depth.The transition of rock failure mode can be correlated with the variation of cutting force.Based on the results of this paper,the real-time monitoring of torque ma

关键词： rock breaking Cutting force PDC cutter Cuttings

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DRILLING CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINATIONS OF DIFFERENT HIGH PRESSURE JET NOZZLES

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2011年第3期23卷 384-390页

作者： ZHANG Yu-ying LIU Yong-wang XU Yi-ji REN Jian-hua College of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum （East China） Dongying 257061 China

The high speed fluid jet for directly or indirectly breaking rock is one of the most effective ways to improve the deep penetration rate. In order to maximize the efficiency of energy use, the flow characteristics of different combinations of high pressure jet nozzles are analyzed through numerical simulations. According to the velocity vectors at the bottom and the bottom hole pressure diagram, the effects of the high pressure nozzle combinations on the flow structure and the penetration rate are analyzed. It is shown that the combination of three vertical edge nozzles is very efficient, but inefficient in cleaning the bottom hole and eroding the wall. The jet velocity is 400 m/s and the radius is 5 mm, with a center nozzle added, the problem can be solved, but the high-pressure fluid displacement would increase. The center nozzle＇s jet velocity is 200 m/s and the radius is 8 ram, the combination of two vertical edge nozzles and a center tilt nozzle or that of a vertical edge nozzle and a center tilt nozzle would provide a flow structure favorable for drilling. The angle of inclination is 10°. To take advantage of high pressure jet energy to improve the efficiency of drilling, it is important to select a suitable nozzle combination according real conditions.

关键词： Rate Of Penetration （ROP） rock breaking high pressure jet nozzle combination numerical simulation energy use

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Tooth arrangement design of retractable DTH hammer bit used for drilling while casing

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Global Geology 2023年第1期26卷 40-46页

作者： ZHANG Boyao CHEN Baoyi YANG Da BO Kun CAO Pinlu College of Construction Engineering Jilin UniversityChangchun 130061China

Down-the-hole(DTH)hammer with casing while drilling(CWD)is a technology that has been proven to be able to alleviate many of the problems faced by complex formations.However,the drill bit is suffered from rapid wear,low drilling efficiency,and high energy consumption due to the unreasonable tooth arrangement and impact energy selection in drilling process,which affect the application effect of this technology.ABAQUS software was used for numerical simulation of rock breaking behavior under impact load with the single,three,and five teeth arrangement drill bit respectively,to improve the application effect and solve the aforementioned technical problems.Based on the calculated parameters of tooth arrangement,we designed a novel drill bit for hard rocks and provided a theoretical basis for the tooth arrangement of largediameter drill bits.

关键词： casing while drilling drill bit tooth arrangement rock breaking ABAQUS

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THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE CONICAL SWIRLING WATER JET FLOW

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 1998年第3期10卷 80-90页

作者： Wang Rui-heUniversity of Petroleum (Huadong), Shandong 257062, P.R.ChinaXu LiChina Classification Society (CCS), Beijing 100006, P, R. ChinaShen Zhong-houUniversity of Petroleum (Huadong) , Shandong 257062, P. R. China

This paper is concerned with theoretical and experimental study on the conical swirling water jet flow. Based upon the theoretical analysis, the experiment on the structural characteristics of swirling water jet flow including the velocity and pressure distribution laws, on which the parameters of the jet, nozzle and directional blades have more or less influence, was carried out in CSSRC by using a 3-D LDV in order to optimize a new high-efficiency jet instead of swirling drilling bit for rock-breaking and continuously drilling, and to meet the demand of radial horizontal drilling technology. Meanwhile based on the experimental results, the numerical simulation was conducted for the conical swirling water jet in the immersed well-bottom flow by solving the RANS equations in the 3-D body-fitted coordinate system with the k-e. turbulence model. The numerical results are consistent with the experimental data, and lead to some conclusions which are important for applying the conical swirling water jet to the petroleum drilling engineering.

关键词： swirling water jet structural characteristics numerical simulation rock breaking

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Mechanism Analysis of jet drilling rock by Numerical Simulation and Experiment

Mechanism Analysis of jet drilling Rock by Numerical Simulat...

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2011 International Conference on Energy and Environment(ICEE 2011)

作者： Hualin Liao School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum （East China）

rock damage and breaking mechanism with water jet has been as yet a difficult problem due to jet high turbulence and complicacy of rock material. According to fluid-structure interaction（FSI） theory, the standard k-epsilon two equations and control volume method for water jet, and the elastic orthotropic continuum and finite element method for rocks, are employed respectively to establish a numerical analyzing model of high pressure water jet impinging on rock. A damage criterion, with non-dimensional coefficient to characterize rock damage, is also set up for analyzing rock failure mechanism with water jet. The process of jet impact on the rock is simulated, by using the FSI model, Micro failure mechanism test and analysis with scanning electron microscope（SEM） for rock failure surface by jets cutting were performed, whose results show that the micro-mechanism of rock failure due to water jet impingement is a brittle fracture in the condition of tensile and shearing stress. The test results also agree well with the numerical simulating analysis, which constructs a bridge between the micro-failure and macrobreaking mechanism of rock with water jets impact. The investigation affords a new method for studying the mechanism of rock failure underhigh pressure water jet impingement.

关键词： water jet rock breaking drilling fluid-structure interaction scaning electron microscope

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