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Water Quality Assessment of the river nile System:An Overview

Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2004年第1期17卷 87-100页

作者： RIFAAT A.WAHAAB MOHAMED I.BADAWY National Research Center DokkiCairoEgyptNational Research CenterDokkiCairoEgypt

Objectives The main objective of the present article is to assess and evaluate the characteristics of the nile water system , and identify the major sources of pollution and its environmental and health consequences. The article is also aimed to highlight the importance of water management via re-use and recycle of treated effluents for industrial purpose and for cultivation of desert land. Method An intensive effort was made by the authors to collect, assess and compile the available data about the river nile. Physico-chemical analyses were conducted to check the validity of the collected data. For the determination of micro-pollutants, Gas Chromatography (GC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) were used. Heavy metals were also determined to investigate the level of industrial pollution in the river system. Results The available data revealed that the river receives a large quantity of industrial, agriculture and domestic wastewater. It is worth mentioning that the river is still able to recover in virtually all the locations, with very little exception. This is due to the high dilution ratio. The collected data confirmed the presence of high concentrations of chromium and manganese in all sediment samples. The residues of organo-chlorine insecticides were detected in virtually all locations. However, the levels of such residues are usually below the limit set by the WHO for use as drinking water. The most polluted lakes are Lake Maryut and Lake Manzala. Groundwater pollution is closely related to adjacent (polluted) surface waters. High concentrations of nutrients, ***, sulfur, heavy metals, etc. have been observed in the shallow groundwater, largely surpassing WHO standards for drinking water use. Conclusion A regular and continuous monitoring scheme shall be developed for the river nile system. The environmental law shall be enforced to prohibit the discharge of wastewater (agricultural, domestic or industrial) to river nile system.

关键词： Water quality river nile Lakes Pollution sources Assessment

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Characterization of Soil Clay Minerals of the river nile Sediments, Sohag Region, Egypt： Decomposition of X-Ray Diffraction Patterns

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Journal of Earth Science and Engineering 2013年第1期3卷 1-13页

作者： Abdelhamid Elshater Geology Department Faculty of Science Sohag University Sohag 82524 Egypt

Up till now all the clay mineral studies on the soils of the river nile flood plain in Egypt could not trace the very rapid mineral change observed in these soils. So, the clay mineralogy of the river nile flood plain soils in Sohag region, Egypt, has been studied using the method of numerical analysis of X-ray diffraction recordings （curve decomposition） as a new, powerful tool for precise mineral identification. The X-ray patterns of the studied soil clay fraction show that 2：1 clay minerals are much more abundant than kaolinite and that this clay fraction contains fair amounts of K-feldspar and quartz. XRD pattems obtained on the 〈 2 μm fraction of the river nile sediments indicate the presence of smectite, mixed-layer illite-expanding minerals, kaolinite, mica-illite and chlorite. The decomposed XRD patterns reveal significant changes in the mineralogy of the clays. The major clay phases present in the 4-11 20 range are well crystallized illite （10 A）, poorly crystallized illite （10.2-10.4 A）, two mixed-layer I-S （illite/smectite） minerals, one with a peak near 13.5 A （rich-smectite） and the other near 11 A （rich-illite）.

关键词： Clay minerals soil river nile illite smectite mixed-layers.

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Comparison of Stochastic Models in Forecasting Monthly Streamflow in rivers: A Case Study of river nile and Its Tributaries

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2016年第2期8卷 143-153页

作者： Mohammed A. Elganiny Alaa Esmaeil Eldwer Irrigation Eng. and Hydraulics Department Faculty of Engineering Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt

The dynamic and accurate forecasting of monthly streamflow processes of a river are important in the management of extreme events such as floods and drought, optimal design of water storage structures and drainage network. Many rivers are selected in this study: White nile, Blue nile, Atbara river and main nile. This paper aims to recommend the best linear stochastic model in forecasting monthly streamflow in rivers. Two commonly hydrologic models: the deseasonalized autoregressive moving average (DARMA) models and seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models are selected for modeling monthly streamflow in all rivers in the study area. Two different types of monthly streamflow data (deseasonalized data and differenced data) were used to develop time series model using previous flow conditions as predictors. The one month ahead forecasting performances of all models for predicted period were compared. The comparison of model forecasting performance was conducted based upon graphical and numerical criteria. The result indicates that deasonalized autoregressive moving average (DARMA) models perform better than seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models for monthly streamflow in rivers.

关键词： Monthly Streamflow river nile DARMA Model SARIMA Model Stochastic Model

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SWOT Analysis and Challenges of nile Basin Initiative:An Integrated Water Resource Management Perspective

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Chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment 2010年第1期8卷 8-17页

作者： Alebel Abebe Belay Henry Musoke Semakula George James Wambura Labohy Jan Virje University Brussels 1090Belgium

river nile is one of the longest transboundery rivers and it is shared and used by Burundi,Democratic Republic of Congo,Egypt,Ethiopia,Eritrea,Kenya,Rwanda,Sudan,Tanzania and *** of today,the nile is a crucial resource for the economic development of the nile Basin countries and a vital source of livelihood for 160 million inhabitants as well as 300 million people living in the 10 riparian *** nile Basin Initiative(NBI) is one of the international cooperative river basin management program and regional partnership where all the nile Basin countries except Eritrea unite to pursue long-term sustainable development,improved land use practices and *** review therefore focused on the challenges not faced on NBI in terms of integrated use of the river and conducted analysis of strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats(SWOT) based on secondary *** result of the review revealed that for decades,the nile Basin people have been facing many complex environmental,social,economic and political challenges that have made it difficult for the proper management and sustainability of nile *** initiative provides training to develop skills in government ministries,non-governmental organizations and local communities in each *** is also working to raise awareness of critical environmental issues by strengthening networks of environmental education practitioners;developing curriculum in the education *** challenges of NBI include the involvement and funding of World Bank,lack of sufficient staff,procedural and policies conflicts,lack of coordination and linkage with other regional institutions and lack of recognition as river basin *** the complex nature of the project,it is recommended that the NBI should come up with a strong multi-disciplinary monitoring and evaluation team to follow up all implemented *** NBI should carry out participatory land use planning in communities along the river ***

关键词： river basin management nile Basin Initiative SWOT analysis integrated water management river nile

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The Dilemma of the nile Transboundary Water and the Way Forward

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Journal of Earth Science and Engineering 2013年第5期3卷 301-313页

作者： Abdalla Abdelsalam Ahmed Omdurman Islamic University Khartoum P.O.Box 1244 Sudan

The NB （nile river Basin） is considered one of the most population lives in its riparian countries. Out of the latter about 50% live important basins in Africa, as over 33% of the African in the NB. In this paper a historical background on the NB cooperation evolvement including the recent NBI （NB Initiative） is briefly reported. The natural and human challenges facing the nile water management are examined and discussed. The present dilemma among the nile riparian countries is highlighted and its reasons are explained. The latter includes the NB CFA （Cooperative Framework Agreement）, which has been signed by six countries （Burundi, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda） while rejected by Egypt, Sudan and not signed by DR of Congo. Eretria and the newly established country ＂South Sudan＂ stands are not yet clear. Based on scientific methodology and analytical discussion, a number of solutions for better management of the trans-boundary nile waters are drawn; taking into consideration the experiences of other international rivers shared basins. Finally, the paper concludes with recommendations and guidelines that may help in the way forward.

关键词： river nile riparian countries trans-boundary waters NBI CFA dilemma way forward.

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