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Monitoring of rice crop using ENVISAT ASAR data

Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第7期49卷 755-763页

作者： DONG Yanfang1, 2, SUN Guoqing1,3 & PANG Yong4 1. State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 2. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China 3. Department of Geography, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA 4. Forest Remote Sensing Lab, Research Institute of Forest Resource and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of For-estry, Beijing 100091, China State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Institute of Remote Sensing Applications Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Department of Geography University of Maryland College Park USA Forest Remote Sensing Lab Research Institute of Forest Resource and Information Technology Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China

Because of the cloudy conditions during the rice growth period, rice is one of the agri-cultural crops most suited to monitoring with the SAR instruments. Backscatter response measured by SAR is correlated with rice conditions, including height, density, biomass and structure, which are variable at different growing stages. In this paper, multi-date ENVISAT ASAR Alternating Polarization Mode (APMode) imageries were acquired during the rice crop growing cycle. At the same time, the rice parameters were measured in field. A continuous canopy model was used to compute the back-scattering from rice fields during the growth cycle, and the relationship between rice parameters and radar backscattering coefficients from both ASAR and modeling was analyzed. The effects of polari-zation, incidence angle and polarization on radar backscattering coefficients were analyzed. It was found that simulated radar backscatter has similar trends as ASAR data. This will be meaningful for the further research of rice parameters estimation from ASAR data. Different features show signifi-cantly different signatures in ASAR images and they follow some certain laws, so rice area can be accurately mapped by using multi-temporal SAR images, then rice yield can be estimated.

关键词： rice, ASAR, radar backscattering, model.

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Six new monacolin analogs from red yeast rice

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Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2019年第5期17卷 394-400页

作者： LIU Bing-Yu XU Fei BAI Jian YAN Dao-Jiang ZHANG Le ZHANG Dan HU You-Cai State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College

Six novel monacolin analogs, monacolins V_1–V_6(1–6), together with seven known ones(7–13), were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of red yeast rice. Their structures and absolute configurations were determined by spectroscopic methods,especially 2D NMR(~1H-~1HCOSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY/ROESY) and CD spectroscopic analyses as well as chemical *** V_2(2) and V_3(3) represent the first examples of monacolins with 3-hydroxybutyrate substitute. The anti-inflammatory inhibitory activities against the lipopolysaccharide(LPS) induced NO production in BV-2 cells as well as antioxidant activities against rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation were evaluated.

关键词： Monascus purpureus Red yeast rice, Monacolins

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Negative phototropism of rice root and its influencing factors

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2002年第5期45卷 485-496页

作者：王忠顾蕴洁莫亿伟钱善勤 Agronomy Department of Agriculture College Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 China

Some characteristics of the rice (Oryza sativa L.) root were found in the experiment of unilaterally irradiating the roots which were planted in water: (i) All the seminal roots, adventitious roots and their branched roots bent away from light, and their curvatures ranged from 25° to 60°. The curvature of adventitious root of the higher node was often larger than that of the lower node, and even larger than that of the seminal root. (ii) The negative phototropic bending of the rice root was mainly due to the larger growth increment of root-tip cells of the irradiated side compared with that of the shaded side. (iii) Root cap was the site of light perception. If root cap was shaded while the root was irradiated the root showed no negative phototropism, and the root lost the characteristic of negative phototropism when root cap was divested. rice root could resume the characteristic of negative phototropism when the new root cap grew up, if the original cells of root cap were well protected while root cap was divested, (iv) The growth increment and curvature of rice root were both influenced by light intensity. Within the range of 0-100 μmol·m-2·s-1, the increasing of light intensity resulted in the decreasing of the growth increment and the increasing of the curvature of rice root. (v) The growth increment and the curvature reached the maximum at 30℃ with the temperature treatment of 10-40℃. (vi) Blue-violet light could prominently induce the negative phototropism of rice root, while red light had no such effect. (vii) The auxin (IAA) in the solution, as a very prominent influencing factor, inhibited the growth, the negative phototropism and the gravi-tropism of rice root when the concentration of IAA increased. The response of negative phototropism of rice root disappeared when the concentration of IAA was above 10 mg·L-1.

关键词： rice, seminal root, adventitious root, negative phototropism, gravitropism.

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The anti-photooxidation of anthocyanins-rich leaves of a purple rice cultivar

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2006年第6期49卷 543-551页

作者： PENG Changlian1,2,LIN Zhifang2,LIN Guizhu2 & CHEN Shaowei2 1. College of Life Science,South China Normal University,Guangzhou 510631,China 2. South China Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden,Guangzhou 510650,China College of Life Science South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangdong Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden Guangzhou 510650 China South China Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangdong Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden Guangzhou 510650 China

In the leaf of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar Yunnan purple rice,the anthocyanins with an obvious absorption peak at 530nm were distributed in the cells of upper and lower epidermis,bulliform tissue and bristle. The maximal photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate and chlorophyll content in flag leaves were 28% and 23%,respectively,more than the common green leaf rice cultivar Chijiaoru-anzhan. Higher chlorophyll content is probably one of the physiological adaptations for enhancing light harvesting capacity of the antenna in photosystems in this cyanic leaves species. Upon the photooxidation of leaf segments mediated by methyl viologen in weak light for 3 days,the distinct bleaching of anthocyanins in purple rice was associated with the reduction of scavenging ability to DPPH· free radical ability and the increase in membrane leakage rate. But almost no changes in contents of flavonoids and total phenolics were observed. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters Fv/Fo,qP and φPSⅡ decreased with the increase in NPQ and DES of xanthophylls cycle after photooxidation treatment. Green rice leaves showed more decrease in DPPH· scavenging rate and more increase in cell membrane leakage rate but showed a trace of anthocyanins during photooxidation. It is sug-gested that anthocyanin may be a beneficial and primary antioxidant in sun cyanic rice leaves against oxidative stress induced by environmental adversity. And photooxidation could induce different changing patterns of anthocyanins between the tested purple and green rice leaves.

关键词： purple rice, anthocyanins, photooxidation, DPPH· scavenging ability, chlorophyll fluorescence, methyl viologen.

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Responses of Single Cropping rice Yields to Climate Change in Sichuan Province, China

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B) 2017年第1期7卷 1-12页

作者： Chao Chen Yanmei Pang Yufang Zhang Dongdong Chen Institute of Plateau Meteorology China Meteorological Administration Chengdu/Heavy Rain and Drought-Flood Disasters inPlateau and Basin Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu 6100 72 China Provincial Key Laboratory of Water-Saving Agriculture in Hill Areas of Southern China Chengdu 610066 China Sichuan Provincial AgriculturalMeteorological Centre Chengdu 610072 China

Sichuan province is one of the 13 major grain-producing provinces in China and also an obvious region of climate *** this study, the responses of single cropping rice yields to climate variables under climate change at each development stage wereinvestigated by using the linear regression method based on yield and climate data at 84 counties in Sichuan province of China from1981 to 2012. The results indicated that change of all climate variables （increase of average temperature and diurnal temperaturerange, and decrease of precipitation and solar radiation） during different development stages in recent 30 years caused significantchange of yield in less than 10% of the rice planting area. However, climate change from 1981 to 2012 had caused significantimpacts on rice yield in roughly 47.6% of the rice area, with yields fluctuating by -11.77% to 24.55%. Moreover, averagetemperature was the most key contributor for the impact on rice yields in all climate variables and solar radiation was the most keycontributor for the negative impact on rice yields. The empirical findings presented here provide a foundation for anticipating climatechange impacts on rice production.

关键词： Climatic variability, rice, yield, response, Sichuan.

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Characterization of an ethylene receptor homolog gene from rice

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2003年第4期46卷 370-378页

作者：曹宛虹董亿张劲松陈受宜 Plant Biotechnology Lab Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of Sciences

Ethylene plays important roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. Its receptor genes have been studied in dicots such as Arabidopsis, tobacco and tomato. However, no research has been reported for the ethylene receptors from monocots currently. In the present study, we cloned an ethylene receptor gene OSPK2 from rice and found that its encoded protein was divergent from the ethylene receptors from dicots. OSPK2 had a long extension in its N- terminal, followed by three transmembrane segments, a GAF domain, a putative kinase domain and a putative receiver domain. Although most of the domains were conserved, the expected phosphorylation site His and the phosphate receiver Asp have been replaced by Gln and Asn, respectively. This fact indicates that OSPK2 may not function as a histidine kinase in a phosphorelay manner, but rather play roles by other mechanism, probably through Ser/Thr kinase activity. The expression of the OSPK2 gene was investigated by RT-PCR method under different conditions. We found that this gene was apparently induced by wounding and PEG treatment, but not significantly affected by salt and ABA treatments. The differential expression of the OSPK2 gene may reflect its roles in mediating different abiotic stress responses, consistent with our previous studies on tobacco ethylene receptors.

关键词： ethylene receptor, rice, stress, expression.

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Transcriptional silencing and developmental reactivation of cry1Ab gene in transgenic rice

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2002年第1期45卷 68-78页

作者：吴刚崔海瑞舒庆尧叶恭银夏英武高明蔚 Illimar ALTOSAAR 李毅 Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310029 China Department of Plant Protection Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310029 China Department of Biochemistry University of Ottawa K1N 6N5 Canada Peking-Yale Joint Center for Plant Molecular Genetics and Agrobiotechnology National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering College of Life Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China

One transgenic rice line lacking Cry1Ab expression product was screened in the progenies of Agrobacterium-transformed transgenic rice variety Zhong 8215 with a cry1Ab gene under field releasing conditions by using GUS histochemical assay and Western blot. Molecular hybridization results revealed that the cry1Ab gene was silenced in the transgenic rice variety Zhong 8215 and two copies of ubiquitin promoter were integrated into the rice genome. The silencing of cry1Ab gene in transgenic rice was found to be due to the methylation of the ubiquitin promoter as revealed by methylation analysis. Meanwhile, different concentrations of demethylation reagent 5-azacytidine combining with different treatment time were employed to treat the silenced transgenic rice seeds. The results indicated that 5-azacytidine could reactivate 8%-30% of the silenced transgenic rice plants and the expression level of the reactivated cry1Ab transgene could reach as high as 0.147% of the total soluble protein. Treatment with low concentration of 5-azacytidine(45 mg/L for 1 d and 2 d) could lead to the highest reactivation ratio and the highest expression level of the cry1Ab gene.

关键词： transgenic rice, cry1Ab gene, silencing, reactivation.

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Effect of Planting Date, Spacing and Seeding Methods on Disease Development and Yield Components of rice （Oryza sativa L.） in Southeastern Nigeria

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B) 2017年第2期7卷 100-113页

作者： Christian Chukwunenye Iwuagwu Charles Ikechukwu Umechuruba Andrew Chukwuma Nwogbaga Department of Crop Science and Horticulture Nnamdi Azikiwe University PMB 5025 Awka Anambra State Nigeria Evangel University PMB 129 Abakaliki Ebonyi State Nigeria Department of Crop Production and Landscape Management Ebonyi State University PMB 053 Abakaliki Nigeria

To investigate the effect of planting date, spacing and seeding methods on disease development and yield components ofrice, a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design （RCBD） with four replications was conducted during 2011 plantingseason at Izzi Local Government Area （LGA） of Ebonyi State, Nigeria. This experiment was carried out with four levels of plantingdates （early June, late June, early July and late July）, three levels of spacing （15, 20 and 25 cm） and two levels of seeding method（direct seeding and seedling transplanting）. The studied traits included plant height （PH）, number of tillers （NT）, leaf area （LA）, rootlength （RL）, panicle length （PL）, 1,000 seed weight （SW）, disease incidence and severity. The result showed that all the factors hadsignificant effect on the parameters measured. Sowing in early July had the highest LA of 65.38 cm^2, PH of 122.00 cm, RL of 29.04cm and TN of 10.54, and the second largest PL of 25.08 cm and SW of 25.12 g. Also sowing in early July had the highest diseaseseverity of 3.21, followed by 3.14 which occurred in late July, while the least 2.17 occurred in early June. The direct seeding methodhad the highest disease incidence of 70.83%, followed by plant spacing of 15 cm × 15 cm which had the disease incidence of 69.72%,while sowing in early June had the least disease incidence of 57.50%. In conclusion, planting of rice in Southeastern Nigeria shouldbe done in early July, as the yield components were significantly better than in other dates though with the highest disease severity.

关键词： Disease development, planting dates, spacing, planting methods, rice, Southeastern Nigeria, yield components.

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Characterization of photosynthesis,photoinhibition and the activities of C_4 pathway enzymes in a superhigh-yield rice,Liangyoupeijiu

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2002年第5期45卷 468-476页

作者：王强郝迺斌白克智卢从明戈巧英匡廷云张其德董凤琴 Laboratory of Photosynthesis Basic Research Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China

Characteristics of photosynthetic gas exchange, photoinhibition and C4 pathway enzyme activities in both flag leaves and lemma were compared between a superhigh-yield rice (Oryza sativa L.) hybrid, Liangyoupeijiu and a traditional rice hybrid, Shanyou63. Liangyoupeijiu had a similar light saturated assimilation rate (Asat) to Shanyou63, but a much higher apparent quantum yield (AQY), carboxylation efficiency (CE) and quantum yield of CO2 fixation (φCO2). Liangyoupeijiu also showed a higher resistance to photoinhibition and higher non-radiative energy dissipation associated with the xanthophyll cycle than Shanyou63 when subjected to strong light. In addition, Liangyoupeijiu had higher activities of the C4 pathway enzymes in both flag leaves and lemmas than Shanyou63. These results indicate that higher light and CO2 use efficiency, higher resistance to photoinhibition and C4 pathway in both flag leaf and lemma may contribute to the higher yield of the superhigh-yield rice hybrid, Liangyoupeijiu.

关键词： superhigh-yield hybrid rice, photosynthesis, photoinhibition, C4 pathway.

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Physiological characteristics of the primitive CO_(2) concentrating mechanism in PEPC transgenic rice

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2003年第4期46卷 438-446页

作者：焦德茂匡廷云李霞戈巧英黄雪清郝乃斌白克智 Institute of Agrobiological Geneticsand Physiology Jiangsu Academyof Agriculturalsciences Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences

The relationship between carbon assimilation and high-level expression of the maize PEPC in PEPC transgenic rice was studied by comparison to that in the untransformed rice, japonica kitaake. Stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates in PEPC transgenic rice were higher than those of untransformed rice, but the increase of stomatal conductance had no statistical correlation with that of photosynthetic rate. Under high levels of light intensity, the protein contents of PEPC and CA were increased significantly. Therefore the photosynthetic capacity was increased greatly (50%) with atmospheric CO2 supply. While CO2 release in leaf was reduced and the compensation point was lowered correspondingly under CO2 free conditions. Treatment of the rice with the PEPC-specific inhibitor DCDP showed that overexpression of PEPC and enhancement of carbon assimilation were related to the stability of Fv/Fm. Labeling with 14CO2 for 20 s showed more 14C was distributed to C4 primary photosynthate asperate in PEPC transgenic rice, suggesting that there exists a limiting C4 photosynthetic mechanism in leaves. These results suggest that the primitive CO2 concentrating mechanism found in rice could be reproduced through metabolic engineering, and shed light on the physiological basis for transgenic breeding with high photosynthetic efficiency.

关键词： PEPC transgenic rice, phosphoenopyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), carbonic anhydrase (CA), stomatal conductance, CO2 concentrating mechanism.

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