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Effect of retained austenite on Corrosion Behavior of Ultrafine Bainitic Steel in Marine Environment

Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2023年第5期36卷 717-731页

作者： Xian Zhang Li Gong Yanpeng Feng Zhihui Wang Miao Yang Lin Cheng Jing Liu Kaiming Wu Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Systems Science in Metallurgical Process The State Key Laboratory of Refractories and MetallurgyCollaborative Innovation Center for Advanced SteelsWuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430081China School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Life SciencesWuhan University of TechnologyWuhan430070China

In this study,the impact of retained austenite on corrosion initiation,propagation,and resistance of ultrafine bainitic steels in marine environments based on the one-step and two-step bainitic isothermal transformation was investigated using a combination of theoretical calculations and experimental methods.According to the results,the microstructure of ultrafine bainitic steels was composed of parallel arranged bainite ferrite(BF)and retained austenite(RA).The fraction of the block RA was significantly reduced,whereas the amount of the film RA increased through the two-step bainitic transformation.In the initial stage of corrosion,micro-galvanic effects occurred between the multiphases due to the difference in nobility,leading to the selective dissolution of BF sheaves,which is adjacent to the block RA in the one-step bainitic steel.However,uniformly distributed film RA in the two-step bainitic steel acted as a barrier against corrosion propagation.The electrochemical measurements and neutral salt spray tests revealed a relatively lower corrosion rate for the two-step bainitic steel,indicating a higher corrosion resistance than the one-step bainitic steel.The corrosion products layer mainly consisted ofα-FeOOH,γ-FeOOH,and Fe_(3)O_(4),which were stable and favorable for the formation of a protective rust layer.

关键词： Ultrafine bainitic steel retained austenite Marine environment Corrosion behavior First principle modeling

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Improving hydrogen embrittlement resistance of a modified press hardening steel by introducing retained austenite as hydrogen trap

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International) 2022年第11期29卷 1864-1872页

作者： Wei Ding Kai Yang Yu Gong Li Wang Ji-yao Hong Wei Li Xue-jun Jin Shanghai Key Laboratory of Materials Laser Processing and Modification Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China Institute of Advanced Steels and Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China State Key Laboratory of Development and Application Technology of Automotive Steels BaoSteel Research InstituteShanghai 201900China

The effect of retained austenite(RA)with higher mechanical stability on hydrogen embrittlement resistance of a modified 22MnB5(C 0.22,Si 0.8,Mn 1.5,B 0.002,Fe balance,in wt.%)press hardening steel(PHS)has been studied.One-step quenching and partitioning(Q&P)treatment was applied to PHS,and around 6 vol.%ultra-fine RA was obtained.The ultra-fine RA was found to act as stronger hydrogen trap than dislocations and grain boundaries in martensitic matrix and can decrease the apparent diffusion coefficient of hydrogen from 5.97×10^(-7) to 3.83×10^(-7) cm^(2) s^(-1),which was verified by the combination of thermal desorption spectroscopy analysis and hydrogen permeation test.The higher mechanical stability of the ultrafine RA assures enough stability of the hydrogen trap,which results in better hydrogen embrittlement resistance in Q&P-treated PHS than the conventional directly quenched PHS.

关键词： Hydrogen embrittlement Press hardening steel Quenching and partitioning retained austenite Thermal desorption spectroscopy Hydrogen permeation

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Effect of retained austenite on the fracture behavior of a novel press-hardened steel

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2023年第4期135卷 34-45页

作者： Zhisong Chai Qi Lu Jun Hu Lingyu Wang Zhou Wang Jianfeng Wang Wei Xu State Key Laboratory of Rolling and Automation Northeastern UniversityShenyang 110819China China Science Laboratory General Motors Global Research&DevelopmentShanghai 201206China

Tensile and bending properties are two critical attributes of press hardened steels(PHSs)for automotive body structural components.However,the research on these properties of PHSs with retained austenite(RA),which is introduced to improve the mechanical properties,has not been well reported.In this study,the effect of RA on the quasi-static uniaxial tensile and three-point bending behaviors has been systematically investigated for a newly developed Cr and Si alloyed PHS.RA with various degrees of mechanical stabilities was obtained by tuning the auto-tempering of martensite through the control of the die contact pressure during the press hardening process.Mechanically stable RA provides the optimal combination of tensile and bending performance,while the PHS with RA of poor mechanical stability has a deteriorated bending toughness as manifested by a reduction of bending angle from approximately 61.6°to56.8°.However,itstensileproperties,incontrast,arethebestintermsof theproductofulti-mate tensile strength and total elongation(15.9 GPa%).This is mainly attributed to the unstable RA on the outermost surface of the bending sample.The unstable RA can easily transform into brittle martensite under local plane strain and strain gradient conditions in the bending test compared with uniaxial stress in the tensile test,promoting crack initiation and propagation.Furthermore,the effect of martensitic auto-tempering or contact pressure on the quantity and stability of RA are also discussed.This study would provide a useful reference to guide hot stamping process optimization for the newly developed Cr and Si-containing press-hardened steel.

关键词： Press-hardened steel retained austenite Tensile property Bending toughness Crack initiation

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Review on the plastic instability of medium -Mn steels for identifying the formation mechanisms of Lüders and Portevin -Le Chatelier bands

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2024年第6期31卷 1285-1297页

作者： Bin Hu Han Sui Qinghua Wen Zheng Wang Alexander Gramlich Haiwen Luo School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China Steel Institute RWTH Aachen UniversityIntzestraße 152072 AachenGermany

Plastic instability,including both the discontinuous yielding and stress serrations,has been frequently observed during the tensile deformation of medium-Mn steels(MMnS)and has been intensively studied in recent years.Unfortunately,research results are controversial,and no consensus has been achieved regarding the topic.Here,we first summarize all the possible factors that affect the yielding and flow stress serrations in MMnS,including the morphology and stability of austenite,the feature of the phase interface,and the deformation parameters.Then,we propose a universal mechanism to explain the conflicting experimental results.We conclude that the discontinuous yielding can be attributed to the lack of mobile dislocation before deformation and the rapid dislocation multiplication at the beginning of plastic deformation.Meanwhile,the results show that the stress serrations are formed due to the pinning and depinning between dislocations and interstitial atoms in austenite.Strain-induced martensitic transformation,influenced by the mechanical stability of austenite grain and deformation parameters,should not be the intrinsic cause of plastic instability.However,it can intensify or weaken the discontinuous yielding and the stress serrations by affecting the mobility and density of dislocations,as well as the interaction between the interstitial atoms and dislocations in austenite grains.

关键词： medium manganese steel discontinuous yielding stress serrations retained austenite dislocations

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Effect of heat treatment on microstructural evolution,mechanical properties and tribological properties of H13 steel prepared using selective laser melting

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International) 2024年第5期31卷 1246-1259页

作者： Li-xiong Han Yan Wang Shi-feng Liu Zhao-hui Zhang Wei Liu Xin Yang Dang-shen Ma Jian Zhou Ying-kang Wei College of Metallurgical Engineering Xi’an University of Architecture and TechnologyXi’an710055ShaanxiChina Zhejiang University City College Hangzhou310015ZhejiangChina China Iron and Steel Research Institute Group Co. Ltd.Beijing100081China

H13 tool steel was successfully prepared by selective laser melting(SLM)technology.The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure,mechanical properties,and tribological properties of SLMed H13 steel were investigated.The heat treatment process involved a solution treatment and a double aging treatment of the deposited H13 tool steel prepared by SLM.The aim is to optimize the microstructure and mechanical properties of SLMed H13 steel.Due to the rapid heating and cooling effects of SLM,carbide precipitation in the deposited H13 steel was not uniform and residual stresses were present.The purpose of the solution treatment is to dissolve the solution at a high temperature to eliminate the residual stresses and defects introduced by the SLM-forming structure.The solution treatment and first aging treatment produced the precipitation of small carbides at the grain boundaries and inside the crystals,which increased the hardness of SLMed H13 steel.The hardness increased from 538±4.0 HV of the as-deposited sample to 548±5.8 HV of samples after the first aging treatment.Accordingly,the ultimate tensile strength and the elongation at break decreased from 1882 MPa and 11.5%in the as-deposited sample to 1697 MPa and 7.9%in those after the first aging treatment,respectively.Furthermore,the friction coefficient and wear rate in the as-deposited sample decreased from 0.5160 and 2.36×10^(–6)mm^(−3)N^(−1)m^(−1)to 0.4244 and 1.04×10^(–6)mm^(−3)N^(−1)m^(−1),respectively.However,the distribution of carbides inside the crystals was not uniform.The second aging treatment adjusted the morphology of carbide precipitation and made it more uniform,but the precipitation of carbides grew and settled at the bottom of the grain boundaries.The hardness decreased to 533±6.7 HV compared with that with the first aging treatment,but the ultimate tensile strength and plasticity reached a balance(1807 MPa,14.05%).Accordingly,the friction coefficient and wear rate also showed a stable and decreasing trend(0.4407,0.98×10^(–6)mm^(−3)N^(−1)m^(−1)).

关键词： Selective laser melting H13 steel Solution aging Double aging Friction and wear retained austenite

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Effects of Si on the stability of retained austenite and temper embrittlement of ultrahigh strength steels

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2011年第5期18卷 543-550页

作者： Li-jun Wang Qing-wu Cai Hui-bin Wu Wei Yu National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Rolling Technology University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China

Effects of silicon （Si） content on the stability of retained austenite and temper embrittlement of ultrahigh strength steels were investigated using X-ray diffraction （XRD）,transmission electron microscopy （TEM）,and other experimental methods.The results show that Si can suppress temper embrittlement,improve temper resistance,and hinder the decomposition of retained austenite.Reversed austenite appears gradually with the increase of Si content during tempering.Si has a significant effect on enhancing carbon （C） partitioning and improving the stability of retained austenite.Si and C atoms are mutually exclusive in lath bainite,while they attract each other in austenite.ε-carbides are found in 1.8wt% Si steel tempered at 250℃,and they get coarsened obviously when tempered at 400℃,leading to temper embrittlement.Not ε-carbides but acicular or lath carbides lead to temper embrittlement in 0.4wt% Si steel,which can be inferred as cementites and composite compounds.Temper embrittlement is closely related to the decomposition of retained austenite and the formation of reversed austenite.

关键词： silicon ultrahigh strength steel retained austenite temper embrittlement reversed austenite

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Partitioning of nitrogen atoms and its effect on retained austenite content in an ultra-low-carbon Cr-Mn-N stainless steel

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International) 2021年第8期28卷 1030-1036页

作者： Zhe Zhu Wan-tang Fu Rong-bin Li Qi-wei Chen Ze-an Zhou Zhen-hua Wang Jia-qing Liu Shu-hua Sun State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology Yanshan UniversityQinhuangdao 066004HebeiChina Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hot Manufacturing Shanghai Dianji UniversityShanghai 201306China School of Science Yanshan UniversityQinhuangdao 066004HebeiChina

The partitioning of nitrogen atoms and its effect on the retained austenite content(RAC)during quenching and partitioning(Q&P)process were investigated by dilatometry,X-ray diffraction,and field emission transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometer mapping in a 00Cr13Mn8N steel.Nitrogen partitioning by diffusion of N atoms from martensite to austenite occurred at 400℃after quenching.N atoms are enriched in austenite after partitioning,and the stability of these N-rich austenite is improved and retained at room temperature during subsequent cooling.The different quenching temperatures(QTs)result in different phase fractions after partitioning.With the increase in QT,RAC first increases and then decreases,and the maximum RAC is 28.5 vol.%after quenching at 80℃.A mathematical model was developed to rapidly and accurately characterize the phase fraction in Q&P process based on the relative length change of the samples partitioned after quenching at different QTs.

关键词： Nitrogen partitioning Quenching and partitioning retained austenite Energy-dispersive spectrometer mapping Dilatometry Ultra-low-carbon stainless steel

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Relations of abrasion resistance and hardness of 16Cr-3C white irons with retained austenite content

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Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing 2004年第6期11卷 539-544页

作者： ZhipingSun RulinZuo CongLi BaoluoShen ShengjiGao SijiuHuang SchoolofMaterialsScienceandEngineering SichuanUniversityChengdu610065China School.ofMaterialsScienceandEngineering ChongqingUniversityChongqing400044China NationalKeyLaboratoryforNuclearFuelandMaterials NuclearPowerInstituteofChinaChengdu610041China SijiuRareEarthAlloyFoundry Shuangliu610211China

The relationship between the retained austenite content of the matrix in16Cr-3C white irons and the abrasion resistance was investigated. The results show that: (1) theabrasion resistance can be improved by sub-critical heat treatment, which could be attributed to thedecrease of the retained austenite content; (2) both the abrasion resistance and hardness can beimproved by controlling the retained austenite content below 20 percent-30 percent and arrive at themaximum when the retained austenite content is reduced to about 10 percent; (3) the abrasionresistance decreases abruptly once the retained austenite content is lower than 10 percent, whichstems from both the in situ transformation of (Fe, Cr)_(23)C_6 to M_3C carbides and the formation ofpearlitic matrix.

关键词： retained austenite abrasion resistance hardness white iron

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Effect of lower bainite/martensite/retained austenite triplex microstructure on the mechanical properties of a low-carbon steel with quenching and partitioning process

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2016年第3期23卷 303-313页

作者： Wan-song Li Hong-ye Gao Zhong-yi Li Hideharu Nakashima Satoshi Hata Wen-huai Tian School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences Kyushu University

We present a study concerning Fe-0. 176C-1.31Si-1.58Mn-0.26Al-0.3Cr （wt%） steel subjected to a quenching and partitioning （Q＆P） process. The results of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and tensile tests demon- strate that the microstructures primarily consist of lath martensite, retained austenite, lower bainite （LB）, and a small amount of tempered martensite; moreover, few twin austenite grains were observed. In the microstrucmre, three types of retained austenite with different sizes and morphologies were observed： blocky retained austenite （-300 nm in width）, film-like retained austenite （80-120 nm in width）, and ul- tra-fine film-like retained austenite （30-40 nm in width）. Because of the effect of the retained austenite/martensite/LB triplex microstructure, the specimens prepared using different quenching temperatures exhibit high ultimate tensile strength and yield strength. Furthermore, the strength effect of LB can partially counteract the decreasing strength effect of martensite. The formation of LB substantially reduces the amount of retained austenite. Analyses of the retained austenite and the amount of blocky retained austenite indicated that the carbon content is critical to the total elongation of Q＆P steel.

关键词： low-carbon steel quenching partitioning retained austenite rnicrostructure mechanical properties

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Effects of Sub-zero Celsius Treatment and Tempering on the Stability of retained austenite in Bearing Steel

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2015年第6期28卷 787-792页

作者： Xiao-Hui Lu Wei Li Cheng-Lin Wang Hong-Shan Zhao Xue-Jun Jin State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composite School of Materials Science and Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Institute of Advanced Steels and Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University

In this work, the influence of sub-zero Celsius treatment and tempering on the mechanical and thermal stability of retained austenite in beating steel were assessed by tensile test and DSC. Compared with traditional quenched and tempered treatment, sub-zero Celsius treatment obviously decreases the volume fraction of retained austenite. Moreover, the mechanical stability of retained austenite was enhanced due to the accumulation of compressive stresses in retained austenite after sub-zero Celsius treatment and tempering. Meanwhile, the morphology of retained austenite changed from film-like to blocky with austenitization temperature increasing, and the mechanical stability of film-like retained austenite is higher than that of blocky one. The DSC results showed that the activation energy of retained austenite decomposition slightly increased through sub-zero Celsius treatment and tempering. This result may probably be ascribed to partitioning of carbon during tempering. However, the temperature at which retained austenite starts to decompose is unchanged.

关键词： Bearing steel Sub-zero Celsius treatment retained austenite Stability

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