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Rectal neuroendocrine tumors:Current advances in management,treatment,and surveillance

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2022年第11期28卷 1123-1138页

作者： Camilla Gallo Roberta Elisa Rossi Federica Cavalcoli Federico Barbaro Ivo Boškoski Pietro Invernizzi Sara Massironi Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver diseases Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano-BicoccaEuropean Reference Network on Hepatological DiseasesSan Gerardo HospitalMonza 20900Italy Division of HPB Surgery Hepatology and Liver TransplantationDepartment of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUniversity of MilanENETS Center of ExcellenceFondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori(INTNational Cancer Institute)Milan 20133Italy Diagnostic and Therapeutic Endoscopy Unit Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale TumoriMilan 20133Italy Digestive Endoscopy Unit UniversitàCattolica del Sacro Cuore di RomaCenter for Endoscopic Research Therapeutics and TrainingFondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCSSRome 00168Italy

Rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms(r-NENs)are considered among the most frequent digestive NENs,together with small bowel *** incidence has increased over the past few years,and this is probably due to the widespread use of endoscopic screening for colorectal cancer and the advanced endoscopic procedures available *** to the current European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society(ENETS)guidelines,well-differentiated r-NENs smaller than 10 mm should be endoscopically removed in view of their low risk of local and distant invasion.R-NENs larger than 20 mm are candidates for surgical resection because of their high risk of distant spreading and the involvement of the muscularis *** is an area of uncertainty regarding tumors between 10 and 20 mm,in which the metastatic risk is intermediate and the endoscopic treatment can be *** removed,the indications for surveillance are scarce and poorly codified by international guidelines,therefore in this paper,a possible algorithm is proposed.

关键词： Rectal neuroendocrine tumors Endoscopy Endoscopic submucosal dissection resectable advanced disease Systemic therapy

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