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Niche overlap in allotopic and syntopic populations of sexually interacting ground-hopper species

Insect Science 2012年第3期19卷 391-402页

作者： Axel Hochkirch Julia Groning Department of Biogeography Trier University Trier University of Osnabruck Department of Biologyl Chemistry Division of Ecology Osnabrock Germany

There is accumulating evidence that sexual interactions among species （reproductive interference） could have dramatic effects for species＇ coexistence. It has been shown that the fitness of individuals can be substantially reduced as a consequence of reproductive interference. This might subsequently lead to displacement of a species （sexual exclusion）. On the other hand, some evolutionary and ecological mechanisms might enable species to coexist, such as the divergence of mate recognition systems （reproductive character displacement）, habitat partitioning, clumped dispersion patterns or different colonization capabilities. We have previously shown that the two ground-hopper species Tetrix subulata and Tetrix ceperoi interact sexually in the laboratory as well as in the field. At sites where both species co-occur niche overlap was high, suggesting that coexistence is maintained by different niche breadths rather than by habitat partitioning. To test the hypothesis that habitat partitioning does not contribute to species＇ coexistence, we examined whether allotopic and syntopic populations of these two species differ in niche overlap （competitive release）, Our results show that niche overlap is higher in syntopic than in allotopic populations, suggesting that the site-specific habitat structure （heterogeneity） has a stronger influence on microhabitat utilization than the presence of heterospecifics. Hence, our data do not support the hypothesis that habitat partitioning plays a substantial role for the coexistence of these sexually interacting species.

关键词： coexistence competition niche breadth niche partitioning reproductive interference

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Competition and the evolution of imperfect mimicry

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Current Zoology 2012年第4期58卷 608-619页

作者： David W. PFENNIG David W. KIKUCHI Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC 27599-3280 USA

Mimicry is widely used to exemplify natural selection＇s power in promoting adaptation. Nonetheless, it has become increasingly clear that mimicry is frequently imprecise. Indeed, the phenotypic match is often poor between mimics and models in many Batesian mimicry complexes and among co-mimics in many Mtillerian mimicry complexes. Here, we consider whether such imperfect mimicry represents an evolutionary compromise between predator-mediated selection favoring mimetic conver- gence on the one hand and competitively mediated selection favoring divergence on the other hand. Specifically, for mimicry to be effective, mimics and their models/co-mimics should occur together. Yet, co-occurring species that are phenotypically similar often compete for resources, successful reproduction, or both. As an adaptive response to minimize such costly interactions, in-teracting species may diverge phenotypically through an evolutionary process known as character displacement. Such divergence between mimics and their models/co-mimics may thereby result in imperfect mimicry. We review the various ways in which character displacement could promote imprecise mimicry, describe the conditions under which this process may be especially likely to produce imperfect mimicry, examine a possible case study, and discuss avenues for future research. Generally, character displacement may play an underappreciated role in fostering inexact mimicry .

关键词： Batesian mimicry Character displacement Hybridization MtUlerian mimicry reproductive interference Selectivetrade-off

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