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Distributions of Visual Receptive Fields from Retinotopic to Craniotopic Coordinates in the Lateral Intraparietal Area and Frontal Eye Fields of the Macaque

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2024年第2期40卷 171-181页

作者： Lin Yang Min Jin Cong Zhang Ning Qian Mingsha Zhang Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning Division of PsychologyBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Institute of Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Primate NeurobiologyCAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200031China Department of Neuroscience and Zuckerman Institute Columbia UniversityNew York 10027USA

Even though retinal images of objects change their locations following each eye movement,we perceive a stable and continuous world.One possible mechanism by which the brain achieves such visual stability is to construct a craniotopic coordinate by integrating retinal and extraretinal information.There have been several proposals on how this may be done,including eye-position modulation(gain fields)of retinotopic receptive fields(RFs)and craniotopic RFs.In the present study,we investigated coordinate systems used by RFs in the lateral intraparietal(LIP)cortex and frontal eye fields(FEF)and compared the two areas.We mapped the two-dimensional RFs of neurons in detail under two eye fixations and analyzed how the RF of a given neuron changes with eye position to determine its coordinate representation.The same recording and analysis procedures were applied to the two brain areas.We found that,in both areas,RFs were distributed from retinotopic to craniotopic representations.There was no significant difference between the distributions in the LIP and FEF.Only a small fraction of neurons was fully craniotopic,whereas most neurons were between the retinotopic and craniotopic representations.The distributions were strongly biased toward the retinotopic side but with significant craniotopic shifts.These results suggest that there is only weak evidence for craniotopic RFs in the LIP and FEF,and that transformation from retinotopic to craniotopic coordinates in these areas must rely on other factors such as gain fields.

关键词： reference frames Eye-centered Headcentered Visual stability

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Trial by fire:Testing the paleolongitude of Pangea of competing reference frames with the African LLSVP

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Geoscience Frontiers 2020年第4期11卷 1253-1256页

作者： Ross N.Mitchell Lei Wu J.Brendan Murphy Zheng-Xiang Li State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina Earth Dynamics Research Group The Institute for Geoscience Research(TIGeR)School of Earth and Planetary SciencesCurtin UniversityGPO Box U1987PerthWAAustralia Department of Earth Sciences St.Francis Xavier UniversityAntigonishNova ScotiaCanada

Paleogeography can be reconstructed using various crust-or mantle-based reference frames that make fundamentally different assumptions.The various reconstruction models differ significantly in continental paleolongitude,but it has been difficult to assess which models are more valid.We suggest here a "LLSVP test",where an assumed correlation between present-day large low velocity shear-wave provinces and the paleogeography of supercontinent Pangea at breakup ca.200 million years ago can be used to assess the relative accuracy of published reconstructions.Closest correlations between continental paleolongitude and the African LLSVP are achieved with mantle-based reference frames(moving hotspots and true polar wander),whereas shallower crustbased reference frames are shown to be invalid.The relative success of mantle-based frames,and thus the importance of the depth of reference frame,supports the notion that mantle convection is largely vertical compared to the horizontal plate motion of tectonics.

关键词： Palaeogeography Plate tectonics LLSVPs reference frames

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The Transference Number

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Energy & Environmental Materials 2022年第2期5卷 366-369页

作者： Kevin W.Gao Chao Fang David M.Halat Aashutosh Mistry John Newman Nitash P.Balsara Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA 94720USA Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA 94720USA Joint Center for Energy Storage Research Argonne National LaboratoryLemontIL 60439USA Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division Argonne National LaboratoryLemontIL 60439USA

The performance of rechargeable batteries and other electrochemical systems depends on the rate at which the working ion(often a cation)is transported from one electrode to the other.The cation transference number is an important transport parameter that affects this rate.The purpose of this perspective is to distinguish between approximate and rigorous methods used in the literature to measure the transference number.We emphasize the fact that this parameter is dependent on the reference frame used in the analysis;care must be taken when comparing values obtained from different sources to account for differences in reference frames.We present data obtained from a well-characterized electrolyte.We compare rigorously determined transference numbers in two reference frames with values obtained by an approximate method.We conclude with a qualitative discussion of the relationship between the transference number and salt concentration gradients that are obtained when current is drawn through a battery。

关键词： battery electrolytes concentrated solution theory ion transport reference frames transference number

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