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Late Paleozoic reefs and their significance for tectonics and oil-gas exploration in the Hinggan-Inner Mongolia area

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Science China Earth Sciences 2011年第2期54卷 212-222页

作者： TIAN ShuGang ZHANG YongSheng WANG JunTao NIU ShaoWu Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing 100037 China Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing 100037 China Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources China Geological Survey Tianjin 300170 China

Many reefs of the Late Paleozoic have been discovered recently in the Hinggan-lnner Mongolia area. These reefs clearly are geographically extensive, and possess distinctive features and well-developed reef-facies. They have been found to contain five reef-building communities and were constructed in four periods. Colonial coral-algal reefs at Aohan and Chifeng represent a warm shallow-sea in the Carboniferous. Different reefs in the Xiwu Banner were formed in three periods： early Late Carboniferous, late Late Carboniferous and Early Permian. These reefs were built in warm sea conditions. Their buildup types include colonial coral frameworks, algae-buildings and lime-mud mounds. Bryozoan reefs in the Zhalaite and Dongwu banners were built in the late Middle Permian and thrived in a cold shallow-sea. All reefs grew independently on two kinds of sedimentary platforms, carbonate and carbonate-clastic mixed platforms. Four reef-forming periods occurred later from south to north, along a collisional course between the North China Plate and the Siberian Plate. These reefs can be arranged into three ＇reef-links＇ or reef zones that extend along plate margins. Among these, the Aohan-Chifeng reef-link indicates a northern margin of the North China Plate, the Zhalaite-Dongwu reef-link marks a southern margin of the Siberian Plate, and the Xiwu-Beishan reef-link reflects the former existence of some inter-plates. The strata of each reef-facies are thick and contain rich asphalt deposits. Overlapping and heteropic layers are very thick and contain dark oil/gas-rich horizons; TOC analyses verify that most of these are good hydrocarbon source rocks. This study shows that the study area is an excellent candidate for oil-gas exploration.

关键词： reefs Late Paleozoic Hinggan-Inner Mongolia fold-zone oil-gas exploration

Studies on Factors Influencing Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Plates Used in Artificial reefs

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2019年第1期18卷 193-202页

作者： TANG Yanli YANG Wenzhao SUN Liyuan ZHAO Fenfang LONG Xiangyu WANG Gang College of Fishery Ocean University of China Shandong Hydrobios Resources Conservation and Management Center

As a simplified model of artificial reefs, a series of plate models punched with square or circular openings are designed to investigate the effects of openings on the hydrodynamic characteristics of artificial reefs. The models are grouped by various opening numbers and opening-area ratios. They are physically tested in a water flume or used in the numerical simulation to obtain the drag force in the uniform flow with different speeds. The simulation results are found in good agreement with the experimental measurements. By the non-dimensional analysis, the drag coefficient specified to each model is achieved and the effects of openings are examined. It is found that the key factor affecting the drag coefficient is the open-area ratio. Generally, the drag coefficient is a linear function of the open area ratio with a minus slope. The empirical formulae for the square and circular openings respectively are deduced by means of the multiple regression analysis based on the measured and numerical data. They will be good references for the design of new artificial reefs. As a result of numerical simulation, the vorticity contours and pressure distribution are also presented in this work to better understand the hydrodynamic characteristics of different models.

关键词： artificial reefs drag coefficient hydrodynamic characteristics model experiment

A Study of Devonian reefs from Southern China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2000年第4期74卷 727-739页

作者： G.FLAJS Institute of Geology RWTH Aachen 52064 Aachen Germany

Three Devonian reefs (bioherms) from Yunnan and Guangxi, southern China, are studied in detail. Six microfacies types are differentiated. Colonial rugose corals (Columnaria, Disphyllum and Hexagonaria) at Qujing, tabulate corals (Alveolites) with massive stromatoporoids (Actinostroma and Stromatoporella) and sponges at Panxi, and massive stromatoporoids (Actinostroma, Trupetostroma and Stromatoporella) at Yangshuo belong to the most important reef builders. All the three reefs studied clearly reveal a successive evolution history. They developed on the carbonate banks, shallow carbonate platforms and platform margins in the Late Givetian and terminated in the Frasnian due to sea-level falls related to local uplifts of platforms. This coincides with a eustatic fall of relative sea level at the Frasnian/Famennian transition.

关键词： microfacies reefs Devonian southwestern China

Paleogene and Early Neogene Lacustrine reefs in the Western Qaidam Basin, China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2004年第3期78卷 736-743页

作者： ZHONGJianhuat WENZhifeng GUOZeqing WANGHaiqiao GAOJianbo EarthResourceandInformationCollege UniversityofPetroleumDongyingShandong257061

Typical reefs in the Paleogene and early Neogene strata of the Qaidam Basin, Tibetan Plateau, China, reveal their internal structures and sedimentation environments and consist mainly of algal reef, stromatolite reef and thrombolite reef with distinct reef structures, fore-reef, back-reef and reef-plateau. The fore-reef is characterized by a combination of pinnacle reef, thrombolite and algal reef. The back reef is composed of stromatolite reef and algal reef. The pinnacle reefs (micro-atoll), most of which are several tens of centimeters in diameter (whereas some exceptionally big ones are over 200 cm in diameter), and several tens of centimeter to 2 m in height, are situated on the far front-edge of the reef; the pinnacle reef is also often of recumbent form with a gravel-filled circular hole in the center. The algal reef is in the form of dome and irregular beds, and filled with algal detritus, ostracodes, spirorbis fossils, ooid and terrigenous debris, and worm traces; cavities and scour marks are often developed. The algal reef is gray commonly when fresh and weathers to a brown color. The lacustrine thrombolite in the Qaidam Basin is light gray or deep gray when fresh, white-gray or brown when weathered, dense and homogeneous with abundant pores filled by oil and bitumen. Observed under the microscope, the thrombolite consists mainly of brown or brown-black clots with a little algal debris, ooid, pellet, ostracodes, spirorbis fossils and terrigenous debris, in some cases, terrigenous debris, even gravel, is abundant. Many features of the thrombolite suggest that it is formed in a high-energy envkonment. The stromatolite reefs developed on the lacustrine algal reef in the Qaidam Basin are very complex whether in shape or in internal structure. The simplest ones form laminated layers and the most complex ones have intensely branching structures. The size is also variable.

关键词： reefs stromatolite thrombolite lacustrine Paleogene early Neogene Qaidam Basin

CALCISPONGES AND HYDROZOANS FROM PERMIAN reefs IN WESTERN GUANGXI

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古生物学报 2002年第3期 343-348页

作者： FAN Jia Song 1) , WANG Yu Mao 2) , and WU Ya Sheng 1) 1) Institute of Geology and Geophysics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029 2) The second geological team, Guangxi Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Nanning 53000

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关键词： Sphinctozoan Inozoan Hydrozoan reefs Permian Guangxi ChinaSummary The present paper describes briefly some general features of the Permian reefs exposed in Tianlin Lingyun and Fengshan counties where abundant framebuilding org

Scleractinian Corals and reefs of Vietnam as a Part of the Pacific Reef Ecosystem

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Open Journal of Marine Science 2011年第2期1卷 50-68页

作者： Yuri Ya Latypov A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The paper analyzes both published and unpublished results of the investigations of Vietnamese reef building corals and reefs performed in the last decades of the twentieth century and first decades twenty-first. The state of the art in the study of reef-building scleractinian corals and reefs is presented. The scleractinian fauna of Vietnam is shown to match in species diversity (350 species of 80 genera) the tropical coral fauna of the Indonesian–Malacca fertile center, from which Indo-Pacific reef-building corals originated. The whole Vietnam coast from the Gulf of Tonkin to the Gulf of Siam is a biogeographically single whole and is a part of the Indo-Polynesian Province of the Indo-Pacific Area.

关键词： Vietnam reefs Reef-Building Corals Pacific Reef Ecosystem

A study of coral reef resilience and implications of adaptive management and rehabilitation in Khanh Hoa Province,Vietnam

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2019年第1期38卷 112-117页

作者： Si Tuan Vo Thai Tuyen Hua Kim Hoang Phan Institute of Oceanography Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology

The Province of Khanh Hoa, Vietnam, is located in the western South China Sea and boasts a shoreline of 385 km and many islands. Previous studies have indicated the extreme diversity and abundance of coral reefs in its waters as compared with other coastal provinces of Vietnam. A study on the resilience of coral reefs against increased surface water temperature and anthropogenic impact is conducted at 19 reef sites in 2015. At each site, a series of parameters(e.g., coral covers, genus diversity, and coral recruitment, substratum heterogeneity, depth, water exchange level, and sediment deposit and water temperature) are measured quantitatively or *** measured data are rated based on the relationship between the parameter values and coral susceptibility; the consideration that reef health reflects the biological capability to adapt to environmental changes and the recruitment potential if bleached; and positive or negative influences of physical factors in the mitigation of thermal stress and protecting corals from bleaching. A cumulative analysis enables researchers to divide the studied reefs into four categories based on varying levels of reef health to support resilience, recovery, and vulnerability in the case of increased water temperature. Relevant management interventions for each category and other supporting activities are suggested to enhance management effectiveness and to plan the rehabilitation of coral reefs for biodiversity conservation and touristic development, taking into account the involvement of related stakeholders.

关键词： coral reefs resilience reef health thermal stress bleaching recruitment rehabilitation

Sedimentology of reefal buildups of the Xiannüdong Formation(Cambrian Series 2),SW China

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2019年第2期8卷 170-180页

作者： Hao Tang Stephen Kershaw Xiu-Cheng Tan Hong Liu Fei Li Cheng Shen Fei-Fan Lu Xue-Fei Yang Division of Key Laboratory of Carbonate Reservoir of CNPC Southwest Petroleum University Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Depositional Mineralization and Sedimentary Mineral Shandong University of Science and Technology Department of Life Sciences Brunel University

The reefs in the Xiannüdong Formation(Cambrian Series 2) are the oldest archaeocyathan–microbial bioconstructions in China,but the details of their microbial structures have not been previously ***,a new section at Tangjiahe site,northern Sichuan Province,contains very well-preserved microbial fabrics that provide these details,and is described in this *** Tangjiahe section contains three levels of reefal buildups that were constructed by a consortium of archaeocyaths and calcimicrobes in varying *** lowest(oldest) reefal buildup is a calcimicrobial biostrome,possibly in the form of a wide mound with a low relief(unconfirmed due to outcrop limitation),which was formed by Epiphyton with rare small archaeocyaths,and is sandwiched by flat-pebble *** middle reefal buildup is a high-relief calcimicrobial mound,enclosed by oolites,that was built by intergrown Renalcis and *** fossils are uncommon,and were bound into the framework by microbial *** uppermost(youngest) reefal buildup is a low-relief archaeocyathan mound lacking calcimicrobes but partly having microbially-clotted textures attached on *** built or aided archaeocyaths to form the framework of Tangjiahe *** three buildups formed in low-energy lagoons behind ooid shoals,and the environment was nutrient-rich due to terrigenous influx from adjacent *** reefs thus resemble most Early Cambrian reefs,in settings consistent with eutrophic,calm environments,and are characterized by the domination or aid of calcimicrobial components in framework construction.

关键词： Microbialites Archaeocyaths reefs Cambrian Series 2 Southwest China

Demise of the Jablonna Reef(Zechstein Limestone)and the onset of gypsum deposition(Wuchiapingian,west Poland):carbonate-to-evaporite transition in a saline giant

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2020年第3期9卷 363-377页

作者： Tadeusz Marek Peryt Marek Jasionowski Pawet Raczyiiski Krzysztof Chtdek Polish Geological Institute-National Research Institute Rakowiecka 400-975 WarszawaPoland lnstitute of Geological Sciences University of WrodawPI.Maksa Borna 950-205 WroclawPoland Polish Oil and Gas Company Naftowa 365-705 Zielona G6raPoland.

Microbial deposits commonly occur at the transition between carbonate and sulphate facies,and they also abound in the uppermost part of the middle Wuchiapingian Zechstein Limestone in west *** deposits occur as isolated reefs of the basinal zone and in the condensed sequences in most parts of the study *** deposits of the latter category reflect evaporative drawdown,and the abrupt boundary between the carbonate and sulphate deposits in the basin suggests the nature of evaporites that start to precipitate as soon as they reach the saturation level.A few-metre-thick unit of mostly brecciated microbial deposits at the top,reefal portion of the Zechstein Limestone records extreme palaeoenvironmental events that occurred at the transition from carbonate to sulphate *** events are related first to subaerial exposure of the reef,which lasted several 10~5 years and then to the Lower Anhydrite transgression.

关键词： Carbonate-sulphate transition Late Permian reefs Microbial deposits Salt giants Central Europe