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Modern microbialites and their environmental signifi-cance,Meiji reef atoll,Nansha (Spratly) Islands,South China Sea

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Science China Earth Sciences 2008年第4期51卷 608-617页

作者： SHEN JianWei1 & WANG Yue1,2 1 Department of Marine Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology and Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China 2 Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Department of Marine Geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Guangzhou China Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology and Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Meiji (Mischief) coral atoll, in Nansha (Spratly) Islands, South China Sea, consists of an annular reef rim surrounding a central lagoon. On the atoll rim there are either protuberant 'motu' (small coral patch reefs on the rim of atoll) islets or lower sandy cays that contain modern microbialite deposits on the corals in pinnacles and surrounding bottoms of the atoll. Microbialites, including villiform, hairy, and thin spine growth forms, as well as gelatinous masses, mats and encrustation, developed on coral colonies and atoll rim sediments between 0 and 15 m deep-water settings. The microbialites were produced by natural populations of filamentous cyanobacteria and grew on (1) bulbous corals together with Acropora sp., (2) on massive colonies of Galaxea fascicularis, (3) on dead Montipora digitata, and (4) on dead Acropora teres, some hairy microbialite growing around broken coral branches. This study demonstrates that microbial carbonates are developed in coral reefs of South China Sea and indicates that microbial processes may be important in the construction of modern reef systems. The results have significance in the determination of nature and composition in microorganisms implied in the formation ancient microbialites, and permit evaluation of the importance of microbial deposits in mo-dern coral reefs and of 'microbialites' in biogeochemical cycles of modern coral reef systems. The re-sults also provide evidence of modern analogues for ancient microbialites in shallow-water settings, and combine with sedimentological studies of ancient microbialites to understand their controls.

关键词： Microbialite Meiji reef Nansha Island South China Sea

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Devonian reef development and strata-bound ore deposits in South China

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2021年第4期10卷 571-583页

作者： Chang-Min Yu Yue Li Kun Liang Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment Chinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008Jiangsu ProvinceChina State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology and Center for Excellence in Life and PaleoenvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008Jiangsu ProvinceChina

This study focuses on the close association between Devonian reefs and the strata-bound ore deposits in South China.For the first time,the development of Devonian reefs was subdivided into three stages,respectively as the initial,succeeding and peak stages,and its evolution model is proposed.In Dachang,Nandan county,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region(Guangxi for short),a large-scale strata-bound ore deposit formed in a Devonian reef,which was affected by marine volcanic activities and Mesozoic magmatic intrusions.The reef-building reached its peak stage at the Givetian,indicating a large-scale build-up of reef and inter-reef depression.In central-eastern Hunan Province,the strata-bound ore deposits belong to low-temperature ore-types without later magmatic intrusions or volcanic activities.In Hunan Province as well as many other localities in South China,the Givetian reefs played important roles in mobilizing ore-forming materials from the surrounding pre-Devonian rocks,providing spaces and passages for transporting hydrothermal fluid,and progressing mineralization and accumulation of ore-forming materials.

关键词： Strata-bound ore deposit reef Inter-reef depression South China

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A study of coral reef resilience and implications of adaptive management and rehabilitation in Khanh Hoa Province,Vietnam

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2019年第1期38卷 112-117页

作者： Si Tuan Vo Thai Tuyen Hua Kim Hoang Phan Institute of Oceanography Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology

The Province of Khanh Hoa, Vietnam, is located in the western South China Sea and boasts a shoreline of 385 km and many islands. Previous studies have indicated the extreme diversity and abundance of coral reefs in its waters as compared with other coastal provinces of Vietnam. A study on the resilience of coral reefs against increased surface water temperature and anthropogenic impact is conducted at 19 reef sites in 2015. At each site, a series of parameters(e.g., coral covers, genus diversity, and coral recruitment, substratum heterogeneity, depth, water exchange level, and sediment deposit and water temperature) are measured quantitatively or semi-quantitatively.The measured data are rated based on the relationship between the parameter values and coral susceptibility; the consideration that reef health reflects the biological capability to adapt to environmental changes and the recruitment potential if bleached; and positive or negative influences of physical factors in the mitigation of thermal stress and protecting corals from bleaching. A cumulative analysis enables researchers to divide the studied reefs into four categories based on varying levels of reef health to support resilience, recovery, and vulnerability in the case of increased water temperature. Relevant management interventions for each category and other supporting activities are suggested to enhance management effectiveness and to plan the rehabilitation of coral reefs for biodiversity conservation and touristic development, taking into account the involvement of related stakeholders.

关键词： coral reefs resilience reef health thermal stress bleaching recruitment rehabilitation

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Formation Mechanism of Beach Rocks and Its Controlling Factors in Coral reef Area, Qilian Islets and Cays,Xisha Islands, China

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Journal of Earth Science 2019年第4期30卷 728-738页

作者： Na Zhao Dishu Shen Jian-Wei Shen CAS Key L aboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology South China Sea Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Huxi Higher Education Mega Center Chongqing City Management CollegeChongqing 401331China

Beach rock,which forms at the intertidal zone,is a natural barrier to protect beach and island from wave erosion. The formation mechanism of beach rocks is significant in the study of surface carbonate diagenesis and protection of island. Beach rocks in Qilian Islets and Cays were formed about 500–700 a BP,neither its composition nor sedimentary structure experienced intense post-reformation.Beach rocks in Qilian Islets and Cays are mainly composed of reef-building skeletal fragments and bioclasts without terrigenous sediments. This study focused on the types and morphologies of cements in beach rocks of Qilian Islets and Cays,and its cementation mechanisms and influencing factors. Biological activities,such as micritization caused by microbial activities and algae binding action,play an important role in the initial stage of bioclast transformation and promote the subsequent early marine and early meteoric cementation. Acicular aragonite induced by early marine cementation is well developed in beach rocks,especially in those samples from Medium Islet. Early meteoric cementation is not common as marine cementation,generally presenting granular and meniscus cements. The main factors affecting the formation and development of beach rocks in Qilian Islets and Cays include sediment source,hydrodynamic condition,climate,sea level change and anthropogenic impacts.

关键词： beach rock cementation micritization coral reef Qilian Islets and Cays the South China Sea

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Geochemical Characteristics of the Trace and Rare Earth Elements in reef Carbonates from the Xisha Islands(South China Sea): Implications for Sediment Provenance and Paleoenvironment

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2019年第6期18卷 1291-1301页

作者： BI Dongjie ZHAI Shikui ZHANG Daojun XIU Chun LIU Xinyu LIU Xiaofeng JIANG Longjie ZHANG Aibin Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques Ministry of EducationCollege of Marine GeosciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Zhanjiang Branch Institute of China National Offshore Oil Corporation(CNOOC)Limited Zhanjiang 524057China North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center Ministry of Natural ResourcesQingdao 266033China

Based on the concentrations of the trace elements,rare earth elements(REE),and Sr isotopic compositions in reef carbonates from the well‘Xike-1’reef core of the Xisha Islands,the constraints on sediment provenance and paleoenvironment were defined.Variations of the terrigenous input into the paleoseawater were traced in detail and the paleoenvironment and sediment provenance were further investigated.The results show that the HREE/LREE values in the reef carbonates are negatively associated with their Th and Al concentrations;however,their Al and Th concentrations show positive correlation.The lowest 87 Sr/86 Sr values in the reef carbonates generally coincide with the lowest values of Al,Th concentrations and the highest values of HREE/LREE.These data indicate that the HREE/LREE,Al concentrations,and Th concentrations of the reef carbonates are useful indexes for evaluating the influence of the terrigenous inputs on the seawater composition in the study area.From top to bottom,the changing process of the HREE/LREE values and Al,Th concentrations can be divided into 6 intervals;they are H1(0–89.30 m,about 0–0.11 Myr),L1(89.30–198.30 m,about 0.11–2.2 Myr),H2(198.30–374.95 m,about 2.2–5.3 Myr),D(374.95–758.40 m,about 5.3–13.6 Myr),L2(758.40–976.86 m,about 13.6–15.5 Myr),and H3(976.86–1200.00 m,about 15.5–21.5 Myr).Moreover,the changing trend of the HREE/LREE values coincides with that of the seawater δ^13C values recorded by benthonic foraminiferal skeletons from the drill core of ODP site 1148 in the South China Sea(SCS),but not with that of the seawaterδ18O values.The high uplifting rates of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau coincide with the high Th and Al concentrations and the low HREE/LREE values in the reef carbonates.These data indicate that the main factors controlling the changes of terrigenous flux in the SCS are the tectonic activities associated with Qinghai-Tibet Plateau uplifting and the variations of uplifting rates rather than paleoclimatic changes.

关键词： trace and rare earth elements paleoenvironmental and sediment provenance reef carbonates the South China Sea(SCS) the uplift of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Growth characteristics and sedimentary mode of Permian reefs,Lengwu,Tonglu,Zhejiang Province,southern China

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2016年第4期5卷 409-422页

作者： Ling Liu Ya-Sheng Wu Hong-Xia Jiang Hong Liu Institute of Geology and Geophysics CASKey Laboratory of Petroleum Resource ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences

Organic reefs are favourabte accumulation spaces for hydrocarbons and various mineral resources. A complete Permian organic reef profile about 44 m thick with distribution area no more than 1 km2 is exposed near Lengwu, Tongtu, Zhejiang Province. Examination of outcrops and thin sections revealed that the main reef-building organisms are catcisponges, with inozoans as dominant type. Five types of rocks have been recognized in the reef, and they are catcisponge framestone, catcisponge bafflestone, bindstone, rudstone and bioctastic wackestone. The profile was constructed in three reef-building stages. The thickness of the second stage is largest, followed by the first stage and the third stage is smallest. Each stage started with a frame-stone or bafflestone, ended as the reef grew near the sea-level, and died because of influx of terrigenous sediments. The development of the Lengwu reef is controlled by biological factors and sea-level changes. Based on the study a reef sedimentary model is established.

关键词： reef Rock types Calcisponges Sedimentary model Permian Lengwu Southern China

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Geochemical characteristics of the Permian Changxing Formation reef dolomites,northeastern Sichuan Basin,China

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Petroleum Science 2013年第1期10卷 38-49页

作者： Hu Zuowei Huang Sijing Li Zhiming Zhang Yingying Xu Ershe Qi Shichao State Key Laboratory of Oil/Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Institute of Sedimentary GeologyChengdu University of Technology Wuxi Research Institute of Petroleum Geology SINOPEC Exploration&Production Institute

The recent discovery of deep and ultra-deep gas reservoirs in the Permian Changxing Formation reefs, northeastern Sichuan Basin is a significant development in marine carbonate oil ＆ gas exploration in China. reef dolomites and their origins have been major research topics for sedimentologists and oil ＆ gas geologists. The petrography, trace element and isotope geochemistry of the reef dolomites indicated that the dolomites are characterized by low Sr and Mn contents, relatively low Fe contents, very similar δ13C and 6180 values and very different 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Although the calculated results of the fluid mixing suggested that a mixture with 85%-95% meteoric water and 50/o- 15% seawater seemed to be the dolomitizing fluids of the reef dolomites, the low Mn contents, relatively low Fe contents, high δ13c values and high homogenization temperatures of the dolomites did not support that there were large proportions of meteoric water in the dolomitization process, and the 87Sr/86Sr ratios which were close to coeval seawater also did not support the possibility of the mixture of deep-burial circulated fluids from clastic rocks. High temperature deep-burial circulated seawater with low Mn and Fe contents, high Sr content and high δ13C values from the dissolution of widely distributed Triassic evaporites during the burial diagenetic processes （including dehydration of water-bearing evaporites） could have been the dolomitizing fluids of the reef dolomites.

关键词： Permian Changxing Formation dolomite reef geochemistry northeastern Sichuan Basin

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Characteristics and Mechanism of Upper Permian reef Reservoirs in the Eastern Longgang Area, Northeastern Sichuan Basin, China

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Petroleum 2020年第2期6卷 130-137页

作者： Lei Tan Hong Liu Yuzhe Tang Bing Luo Ya Zhang Yuran Yang Yisha Liao Weifeng Du Xiran Yang School of Geosciences and Technology Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500China Beijing Petroleum Machinery Co. CNPC Engineering Technology R&D Company LimitedBeijing102206China The Institute of Exploration and Development of Southwest Oil and Gas Field Branch PetroChinaChengdu610059China Chongqing Gas Field Southwest Oil&Gas Field CompanyPetroChinaChongqing400021China Bureau of Geophysical Prospecting China National Petroleum Corp Zhuozhou072750China Northwest Sichuan Gas Field Southwest Oil&Gas Field CompanyPetroChinaJiangyou621709China

As a typical kind of lithologic reservoirs,reef reservoirs are generally featured by their large single-well reservoir thickness,good reservoir physical properties,and high gas well productivity.The Upper Permian Changxing Formation is an important natural gas exploration target in the Sichuan Basin,which hosts a large reef gas reservoir and is mainly distributed along the Kaijiang-Liangping Trough.Comprehensive analyses are implemented to investigate reservoir characteristics and identify controlling factors of reef reservoirs in Changxing Formation in the Eastern Longgang Area,Northeastern Sichuan Basin,including core,logging,and seismic data analyses.Changxing Formation reservoirs in the study area mainly occur in the reef-shoal complex,which are featured by wide distribution,large thickness and generally good physical properties.Reservoir rocks are dominantly composed of bioclastic dolomite and silty-fine dolomite(with grain phantom structure),while the main reservoir space consists of residual intergranular pores,intergranular dissolution pores,and karst vugs.In the seismic profiles,typical mound-shaped chaotic reflections can be clearly seen.It is suggested by the main reservoir development controlling factor analysis that the distributions of reef reservoirs are typically controlled by sedimentary facies belts,while the scale of the reef-shoal complex is determined by the pene-sedimentary micro-paleo-geomorphology.Dolomitization can not only significantly preserve the primary pores but also enhance the permeability of rocks.Moreover,karstification is the key to high-quality reef-shoal reservoirs.

关键词： Changxing formation reef Reservoir characteristics Essential factors Eastern longgang

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Early period of early Permian tubular cyanobacteria reef in the eastern part of south Qinling Mountains

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Science China Earth Sciences 2000年第4期43卷 347-355页

作者：巩恩普范嘉松 Department of Geology Northeastern University Shenyang 110006 China Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China

A typical reef occurs in the eastern part of south Qinling Mountains in Sanlixia, Xun-yang, Shaanxi Province. The reef, extending in north-south direction, was built up by various kinds of calcareous tubes including Girvanella, tubular cyanobacteria and problem microbials. The bio-clastic bank, built up by algal clasts, foraminiferous, and fusulinids, formed the reef basement, on which dasyclads baffle bioclasts formed the original bafflestone at a small scale on the reef basement, and then a mass of bindstone was made up by all kinds of calcareous tubes and algae. On lateral part the reef is cryptalgal mudstone. The reef that occurred in the geosynclinal area is so familiar with one of the platforms in many respects, such as in reef structure, morphology and building mold. This indicates that building organisms have amazing adaptability and identity for building capacity in the two kinds of geotectonic background mentioned above.

关键词： Permian Qinling Mountains reef tubular cyanobactena building mode.

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Distribution Characteristics of Fat Greenling(Hexagrammos otakii) Inhabiting Artificial reefs Around Qiansandao Island, Haizhou Bay, China

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2019年第5期18卷 1227-1234页

作者： WANG Xinmeng SUN Peng TANG Yanli LIANG Zhenlin College of Fisheries Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266003China Marine College Shandong UniversityWeihai 264209China

Chinese government has provided vigorous financial supports to artificial reef(AR)projects to repair marine ecosystem.Qiansandao AR,an important AR project of Fishery Resource Restoration Program in Shandong Province,was built during 2002 to 2007.It has enhanced the local fishery harvest and generated positive economic benefits.Fat greenling(Hexagrammos otakii)is a major commercial reef fish in Qiansandao with high economic values.Its distribution characteristics need to be further studied.In this research,we studied the potential influence of environmental variables and distance from ARs on catch per unit effort(CPUE)and body length of fat greenlings.The results showed that the average body length of fat greenlings distributed within 10 m from ARs was longer than that of fat greenlings distributed more than 600 m away from ARs.Body length also increased with the increased salinity,while it declined as temperature increased.The probability of the presence of fat greenling increased when temperature was below 20℃,then it slightly decreased.CPUE decreased as the distance increased.Our results elucidate the potential effects of environmental variables and distance from ARs on the distribution of fat greenling,which may also be helpful to the distribution research of other reef fish species.

关键词： Hexagrammos otakii spatial distribution distance environmental predictor artificial reef

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