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Foveated rendering:A state-of-the-art survey

Computational Visual Media 2023年第2期9卷 195-228页

作者： Lili Wang Xuehuai Shi Yi Liu State Key Laboratory of Virtual reality Technology and Systems Beihang UniversityBeijing 100000China Peng Cheng Laboratory Shengzhen 518000China Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beihang UniversityBeijing 100000China.

Recently,virtual reality(VR)technology has been widely used in medical,military,manufacturing,entertainment,and other *** applications must simulate different complex material surfaces,various dynamic objects,and complex physical phenomena,increasing the complexity of VR *** computing devices cannot efficiently render these complex scenes in real time,and delayed rendering makes the content observed by the user inconsistent with the user’s interaction,causing *** rendering is a promising technique that can accelerate *** takes advantage of human eyes’inherent features and renders different regions with different qualities without sacrificing perceived visual *** rendering research has a history of 31 years and is mainly focused on solving the following three *** first is to apply perceptual models of the human visual system into foveated *** second is to render the image with different qualities according to foveation *** third is to integrate foveated rendering into existing rendering paradigms to improve rendering *** this survey,we review foveated rendering research from 1990 to *** first revisit the visual perceptual models related to foveated ***,we propose a new foveated rendering taxonomy and then classify and review the research on this ***,we discuss potential opportunities and open questions in the foveated rendering *** anticipate that this survey will provide new researchers with a high-level overview of the state-of-the-art in this field,furnish experts with up-to-date information,and offer ideas alongside a framework to VR display software and hardware designers and engineers.

关键词： foveated rendering virtual reality(VR) real-time rendering

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GPU-based dynamic quad stream for forest rendering

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2010年第8期53卷 1539-1545页

作者： LIU Feng, HUA Wei & BAO HuJun State Key Lab of Computer Aided Design and Computer Graphics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China State Key Lab of Computer Aided Design and Computer Graphics Zhejiang University

rendering large-scale forest scenes in real-time is a challenging problem, since the geometric complexity is far beyond the capabilities of current graphics hardware. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that adopts a dynamic quad stream residing on GPU buffers for view-dependent forest rendering. The incremental quad stream updating process is well-suited to the massively parallel architecture of the GPU pipeline, and it requires no continuous data exchange between CPU and GPU. The implementation of the algorithm is quite straightforward. Despite its simplicity, the algorithm achieves good performance with low memory, storage, and CPU costs.

关键词： real-time rendering large-scale forest quad stream geometry shader

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Three-dimensional trees for virtual globes

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2014年第10期7卷 789-810页

作者： Cristina Rebollo Inmaculada Remolar Jesus Gumbau Miguel Chover Institute of New Imaging Technologies Universitat Jaume ICastellonSpain

One of the problems in virtual globes technologies is the real-time representation of vegetal *** forest or garden representations,the low detailed plants produce a lack of *** techniques are required to achieve accurate interactive visualisation due to the great number of polygons the vegetal species *** article presents a multi-resolution model based on a geometric representation of vegetal species that allows the application to perform the progressive transmission of the model,that is,the transmission of a simple representation followed by successive refinements of *** has a hardware-oriented design in order to obtain interactive frame *** geometric data of the objects are stored in the graphics processing unit and,moreover,the change from one approximation to another is obtained by performing mathematical calcula-tions in this graphics *** multi-resolution model presented here enables instancing:as many vegetal species as desired can be rendered with different levels of detail,while all of them are accessing the same geometric *** model has been used to build a real-time representation of a not imaginary scenario.

关键词： virtual globes real-time rendering vegetal species level of detail graphics hardware progressive transmission

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CityGML goes mobile: application of large 3D CityGML models on smartphones

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2019年第1期12卷 25-42页

作者： Christoph Blut Timothy Blut Jörg Blankenbach Department of Computing in Civil Engineering and Geo Information Systems Geodetic InstituteRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany

CityGML,a semantic information model for digital/virtual city models has become quite popular in various *** the data format is still actively under development,it is already supported by different software solutions,especially GIS-based desktop *** systems on the other hand are still neglected,even though the georeferenced objects of CityGML have many application fields,for example,in the currently popular area of location-based Augmented *** this paper we present an independent multi-platform CityGML viewer,its architecture and specific implementation techniques that we use to realize and optimize the process of visualizing CityGML data for use in Augmented *** main focus lies in improving the implementation on mobile devices,such as smartphones,and assessing its usability and performance in comparison to web-based *** to the constrained hardware resources of smartphones,it is a particular challenge to handle complex 3D objects and large virtual worlds as provided by CityGML,not only in terms of memory and storage space,but also with respect to mobile processing units and display sizes.

关键词： CityGML city model android 3D visualization real-time rendering

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Animating Chinese ink painting through generating reproducible brush strokes

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2013年第1期56卷 42-54页

作者： YANG LiJie XU TianChen Faculty of Science and Technology University of Macau

By generating reproducible brush strokes of Chinese ink painting,we propose an image-based tool for lively displaying real painting process of Chinese ink *** with previous work where the brush trajectory is explicitly specified as manual input,we automatically extract this trajectory from the outlines of the shapes to paint and model the brush footprints;first complex shape of an input image is decomposed into brush ***,we estimate the brush trajectory with shape outline and build a brush footprint model to measure the quality of the trajectory constrained by the variation along a stroke of the painting process parameters,such as location,size,and orientation of the ***,with our real-time rendering model,the estimated trajectories are dynamically rendered into brush strokes by mapping footprint textures sampled from the input *** is particularly useful for analysis and appreciation of Chinese ink painting,as well as for art practice and education.

关键词： brush trajectory non-photorealistic rendering real-time rendering Chinese ink painting

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Automatic LOD selection using viewpoint entropy

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International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 2017年第2期8卷 275-289页

作者： Xiaodong Wang Fengju Kang Hao Gu College of Marine Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi’an 710072 P.R.China National Key Laboratory of Underwater Information Process and Control Xi’an 710072 P.R.China

Discrete Level of Detail (LOD) strategy is an effective solution for balancing the inherentcontradiction between quality and speed in computer graphics. However, application ofthis strategy requires both the appropriate selection approach and the visually comfortable transition procedure to reduce the popping effects introduced by switching betweendifferent levels. In this paper, a novel automatic LOD selection method based on viewpoint entropy was proposed. Firstly, the traditional calculation method of viewpointentropy contained in a scene was improved for the preprocessing of LOD models. Then,the runtime rendering scheme combined with our selection method was designed forbalance of frame rate during real-time rendering, and a novel smoothing LOD transitionstrategy based on Alternate Frame Rendered (ALR) was put forward for eliminationof popping effects. Finally, an example of complex scene combined with our proposalwas researched to verify its real-time performance and ability in holding continuity ofrendered images. Experimental studies show the effectiveness for stabilizing frame rateand improvements in reducing loss of continuity.

关键词： LOD selection viewpoint entropy smooth transition real-time rendering continuity.

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Modified filtered importance sampling for virtual spherical Gaussian lights

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Computational Visual Media 2016年第4期2卷 343-355页

作者： Yusuke Tokuyoshi Square Enix Co. Ltd.

This paper proposes a modification of the filtered importance sampling method, and improves the quality of virtual spherical Gaussian light(VSGL)-based real-time glossy indirect illumination using this modification. The original filtered importance sampling method produces large overlaps of and gaps between filtering kernels for high-frequency probability density functions(PDFs). This is because the size of the filtering kernel is determined using the PDF at the sampled center of the kernel. To reduce those overlaps and gaps, this paper determines the kernel size using the integral of the PDF within the filtering kernel. Our key insight is that these integrals are approximately constant, if kernel centers are sampled using stratified sampling. Therefore, an appropriate kernel size can be obtained by solving this integral equation. Using the proposed kernel size for filtered importance samplingbased VSGL generation, undesirable artifacts are significantly reduced with a negligibly small overhead.

关键词： filtered importance sampling real-time rendering global illumination virtual point lights

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Large-Scale Terrain Simplification and Visualization Based on TIN

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Computer Aided Drafting,Design and Manufacturing 2008年第2期18卷 1-8页

作者： KANG Lai, WU Ling-da, YANG Bing, SONG Han-chen (College of Information Systems & Management, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China)

In the preprocessing phase, the global terrain model is partitioned into blocks with their feature points being picked out to generate TIN model for each terrain block, then the multi-resolution models of terrain organized in the form of quad-tree is created bottom-up. Cracks between terrain blocks are avoided by inserting vertices to form common boundaries. At run-time, a view-dependent LOD algorithm is used to control the loading and unloading of the proper blocks by an additional synchronous thread. To eliminate the artifacts created by LOD transitions, geomorphing is used in real-time. These rendering strategies increase the throughput of GPU and avoid imbalance of load among CPU, GPU and Disk I/O. Experimental results show that the system can perform visually smooth rendering of large-scale terrain scenes with fine quality at an average rate of 80 fps.

关键词： real-time rendering 3D terrain multi-resolution triangulated irregular network quad-tree

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