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Statistical Investigation and Mapping of Monthly Modified Refractivity Gradient over Pakistan at the 700 Hectopascal Level

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Open Journal of Antennas and propagation 2016年第2期4卷 46-63页

作者： Muhammad Usman Saleem Collage of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan Institute of Geology University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan

This study is an effort to investigate the spatial-temporal variability of the modified refractivity gradient at the 700 hPa pressure level over Pakistan and its neighbouring regions of Afghanistan, India, Iran and the Arabian Sea using the remote sensing data of the AQUA (AIRX3STM) satellite from 2008 to 2012. Trapping conditions only found in December were spread over Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan) with an average value of -182.042 M/Km and showing Leptokurtic distributions. The lowest monthly average value super-refractive conditions existed in the autumn season with a strong monthly correlation (>0.91 M/Km). A very high monthly correlation (0.9 M/Km) was found for the super-refractive conditions over the whole time period. The largest spatial and temporal normal conditions appeared in January with the average value for normal conditions being 132.72 M/Km (found over Zabul, Afghanistan) with Leptokurtic distributions. During May normal conditions were the smallest in spatial extent over Pakistan, India and Afghanistan, showing Platykurtic distributions. Sub-refractive conditions mostly prevailed at all times. The probability for extreme sub-refractive conditions was very high in 2008-2012. The highest average sub-refractive conditions appeared in the winter and autumn seasons (spread around Quetta and Kalam, Pakistan). The highest monthly average sub-refractive conditions with a value of 1,265,188 M/Km were found in January and spread around the Sarbaz River Iran. Correlations for the existence of sub-refractive conditions varied from 0.8 M/Km (moderate strong) to 0.4 M/Km during the autumn to winter season. Permanent super-refractive conditions existed over Baluchistan from February to September.

关键词： rf propagation Radar Communication Modified Refractivity Gradient Tropospheric Refraction Atmospheric Refraction Anomalous propagation Ducting

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A Hybrid Indoor MIMO Channel Model Using Signal Clusters for Wireless Communication

A Hybrid Indoor MIMO Channel Model Using Signal Clusters for...

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IEEE第14届国际个人无线移动通信大会

作者： Ananda S.Mohan Microwave and Wireless Technology Research GroupFaculty of Engineering University of Technology Sydney SydneyAustralia

Both Ray tracing and practical measurements have confirmed existence of clustering of signals during propagation in an indoor environment. In this paper we propose a hybrid MIMO channel model that

关键词： rf propagation Smart Antenna Indoor Channel Clustering.

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